The Important Role of News Reporters Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

The Important Role of News Reporters E truly morning when I micturate up, the very first thing I do is turn on the TV--but not for cartoons or MTV. It has become a habit for me to watch the news in the morning. I feel the need to know what is going on because I know that no matter where the news happens, 99 percent of the time it will, straight or indirectly, affect me or people I care about. The broadcast media has become a part of my life and the lives of almost everyone in the Western world. We may not know the names of our senators, but Katie Couric or Tom Brokaw are familiar names in every American household. Not many of us realize, however, that the job of the news reporter is not as glorious as we imagine. This paper will offer you a closer look on what goes on behind the TV screen or radio microphone.Like all other discourse communities, news reporters have their own jargon. It consists mostly of technical equipment casualty describing different aspects of news production . In radio, there are voicers, readers, Q&As, and packages--all of these are types of stories. Voicer is a news drool voiced by a reporter reader is a script of a news story read by a news anchor Q&A is an interview and package is a news story produced and read by a reporter that also includes parts of interviews or natural sound. A particular feature of a news reporters jargon is that very often there are a couple of different terms for one concept. For example, other words for package are wrap and feature cut, bunco game (or soundbite) and actuality all refer to a part of an interview. But in most cases, the jargon of the news reporters is much more understandable to an outsider than, for example, the specialized talking to of chemists. The goal of repo... ...oofness hurt press credibility, ABCs Cokie Roberts says. Freedom Forum Online News. http//www.freedomforum.org/freedomforum/news/971003ca.html (9 October 1997). Germer, Fawn. How Do You Feel? American Journalism Review Ju ne 1995 36-42.Kemkes, Michelle. If it bleeds it leads, isnt the motto at KVUE-TV. atomic number 25 News Council Newsletter, Summer 1996. http//www.mtn.org/newscouncil/Summer96/KVUE.html (9 October 1997). Rather, Dan. Journalism and the Public Trust. Humanist Nov./Dec. 1990 5-8.Scanlan, Frank. Personal interview. 10 October, 1997.Shaw, David. Beyond Skepticism A Negative Spin on the News. Los Angeles Times 17 April 1996 Al. Shook, Frederick, et al. The Broadcast News Process. 5th ed. Englewood Morton Publishing, 1996.Valente, Judith. Do You Believe What Newspeople Tell You? Parade 2 March 1997 4-6.

Graduation Speech: A New Adventure :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

No amount of education can completely prep ar us for the world that lies ahead of us. Because it presents many unknowns, it is evoke yet at the same time frightening. I know that there are still so many things that can only be lettered through experience a challenge with which we will soon all be faced. I would like to read a letter written by a woman by the name of Avril Johannes which was published in the book Chicken Soup For the Soul. She writes this letter to the world upon her sons and his classmates graduation and it relates some of these same ideas. dear(p) WorldOur children finish school today. Its all going to be quite strange to them for a while, and I wish you would treat them kindly. They are starting push through on a new adventure. It is an adventure that may include war and tragedy and sorrow. To make their way they will require a great serve up of faith, love, tolerance and understanding.So world, I wish you would look after them. Take them by the hand and teach them the things they will need to know, besides please, world, do it lightly if you can. They will have to learn that not all people are just, that not all people are fair, and that not all people are true. But also teach them that for all villain there is a hero, that for every crooked politician there is a great and dedicated leader, and that for every enemy there is a good friend.It will take time, world, but teach them that a nickel earned is of more value than a horse found. Teach them to lose gracefully so that they will enjoy winning that much more. Steer them away from envy, if you can, and teach them the secret of quiet laughter. Teach them to be at peace with their God. Teach them to be strong inside so they can stand the hurt of failure and keep the desire to try over again until they succeed. Teach them to be gentle with gentle people, and to be tough with tough people.Teach them to follow their judgment and not the crowd. Teach them to listen to all people, but to filter all they hear through a screen of truth. Teach them to laugh when they are sad, but also teach them that there is no ignominy in shedding tears.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay -- Pregnancy Alcohol Birth Defects Essays

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome... is the name given to a convocation of physiologic and mental birth defects that are the direct result of a womans drinking alcohol during pregnancy.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a series of mental and physical birth defects that can include mental retardation, growth deficiencies, central nervous system dysfunction, craniofacial abnormalities and behavioral maladjustments. Fetal Alcohol Effect is a less unvoiced set of the same symptoms.All communities nationwide, and especially richly-risk women in their childbearing years, need better information ab expose the dangers of drinking during pregnancy. But most health care providers are unfamiliar with and untrained in the issues of substance abuse among pregnant women. FAS/FAE is widely misdiagnosed and under diagnosed and less than 10% of medical schools conduct students to complete a course on the proper diagnosis and referral of individuals with alcoholism and other drug addictions. Statistics study found that doctors appear less likely to recite a black woman to quit drinking and smoking during pregnancy than they are to tell a white woman. Pregnant black women were thirty portion more likely than white women to report that they had never been told to quit drinking. (The New York Times,January 19, 1994)If you drink wine, beer, or liquor when you are pregnant, your cross could develop FAS. A baby with FAS can suffer from mental retardation, central nervous dysfunction, organ dysfunction and facial abnormalities. These disabilities will last a lifetime. No amount of alcohol has been be safe to consume during pregnancy. FAS and FAE (Fetal Alcohol Effects) are 100% preventable when a pregnant woman abstains from alcohol.In 1991, The Journal of the American Medical sleeper reported that FAS is the leading known cause of mental retardation. At least 5,000 infants are born each year with FAS, or approximately one out of every 750 live births. Thirty to forty per cent of babies whose mothers drink heavily throughout pregnancy subscribe to the Syndrome. FAS/FAE is a problem found in all races and socio-economic groups. FAS and FAE are widely under diagnosed. Some experts believe between one third and two-thirds of all children in special education have been affected by alcohol in some way.FAS/FAE produces irreversible physical, mental and emotional effects. Behav... ... mother is not an alcoholic, her child may not be spared the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Cognitive performance is less affected by alcohol exposure in infants and children whose mothers stopped drinking in earliest pregnancy, despite the mothers resumption of alcohol use after giving birth. One analysis of 6 year-olds, with based effects of second-trimester alcohol exposure, had lower academic proceeding and problems with reading, spelling, and mathematical skills. Approximately 6 percent of the offspring of alcoholic women have Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) the FAS risk for offspring born after an FAS sibling, is as high as 70 percent. Those diagnosed as having Fetal Alcohol Syndrome had IQ scores ranging from 20-105 with a mean of 68. Subjects also demonstrated poor concentration and attention. People with FAS demonstrate growth deficits, morphologic abnormalities, mental retardation, and behavioral difficulties. Secondary effects of FAS among adolescents and adults include mental health problems, disrupted schooling (dropping out or being hang or expelled), trouble with the law, dependent living as an adult, and problems with employment.

Amazon.com Essay -- Biography, Jeff Bezos

Jeff Bezos, tacker, chief executive officer, president, and board chairman of the mega Internet store Amazon.com is considered one of the most innovative entrepreneurs of the e-commerce industry. At the age of 31, with just a computer science arcdegree, little funding from his family, and a challenging idea, Bezos set out to pursuit his entrepreneurial vision of a internet bookstore which had hitch into the biggest online retailer of our times (Jeff Bezos, 2007). Born in January 12, 1964, Bezos demonstrated intense scientific and mechanical interests since an early age. Parents, Miguel Bezos, a Cuban immigrant engineer, and Jackie Gise Jorgensen were impressed when their three-year-old Jeff dismantled his crib obscure using a screwdriver (Business, 2006). Bezos early age was not different, attending River Oaks Elementary in a Houston Texas suburb while playing scientist from their parents service department. From the garage laboratory Bezos assembled an electric alarm to keep his younger cousins away from his workstation. Bezos spent most of the summers at his grandfathers ranch at Cotulla, Texas were he would divulge his mechanical skills by repairing tractors, windmills, among other tasks (Jeff Bezos, 2007). In late 1970s the family moved to Miami, Florida were Bezos attended Miami Palmetto Senior High School. The young man continued his early acquisition when he was named valedictorian of his senior class in 1982, and was awarded with the Silver Knight Award from the Miami Herald (Business, 2006). Easily accepted, Bezos attended Princeton University and graduated in 1986 with a degree in computer science and electrical engineering, earning Phi Beta Kappa membership in the process (Business, 2006). Bezos entrepreneurial personality... ...e (Esten, 2007). Bezos entrepreneurial visions when further that Amazon when in 2004 he helped found Blue Origin, a human spaceflight tourism start-up company. Recently, the 43 years old capitalist had been using a lot of his time and business experience to philanthropic work, heading his own foundation and addressing important issue to the whole adult male (Jeff Bezos, 2007).Jeff Bezos have proved to be a very successful businessman with an incomparable entrepreneurial vision for opportunities. He led a small garage start-up e-bookstore to become the biggest online retailer in the world. During the process he reaffirmed his position as a great leader, manager, and human being. Recognized by multiple institutions in the business world and out of it, Bezos deserves the respect of the global society for having revolutionized the way the world shops online.

Essay --

1.What is RCRA and what are its goals and objectives?Resource Conservation Recovery Act of 1976 was created to regulate solid waste and unstable waste as tumesce as regulate underground storage tanks.The goals and objectives of the RCRA areProtect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposalTo conserve energy and inherent resourcesTo reduce the amount of waste generatedTo ensure that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner(EPA, What is RCRA?, 2010)2. What are the two agencies that regulate the generation and transportation of hazardous waste? Briefly describe these agencies.The 2 agencies that regulate are the EPA and the Department of Transportation (DOT).The EPA is known to all as the Environmental Protection Agency and is the master(prenominal) government control group. All other entities report to the EPA.The DOT is the Department of Transportation. This group is in charge of everything that moves across the nation on wheels, a nd has the record control.3. What is a hazardous waste manifest and what is it used for?The ...

Essay --

1.What is RCRA and what are its goals and objectives?Resource Conservation Recovery Act of 1976 was created to regulate solid drop and hazardous waste as well as regulate underground storage tanks.The goals and objectives of the RCRA areProtect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposalTo save energy and natural resourcesTo reduce the amount of waste generatedTo ensure that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner(EPA, What is RCRA?, 2010)2. What are the two agencies that regulate the extension and transportation of hazardous waste? Briefly describe these agencies.The 2 agencies that regulate are the EPA and the Department of Transportation (DOT).The EPA is known to all as the Environmental protection Agency and is the main government control group. All other entities report to the EPA.The DOT is the Department of Transportation. This group is in charge of everything that moves across the nation on wheels, and has the record contr ol.3. What is a hazardous waste manifest and what is it used for?The ...

Aids essay

Nowadays, with the developed industrialization there argon a lot of dangerous diseases which defend influence on the people. There atomic number 18 the crabmeat, osteoporosis, Alzheimers etc. One of them is acquired immune deficiency syndrome the serious disease. Unfortunately, day by day the number of people who are give with Aids is increasing. Infected people are very weak to fight off other infectious disease and soon they will die. support is hotshot of the dangerous diseases, so the people exact to know about how to prevent it.Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome, popularly cognise by its abbreviation AIDS is a fatal disease as it attacks and destroys the resistive system of the body. It is caused by a virus called Human Immuno Deficiency Virus or human immunodeficiency virus in short. HIV damages bodys immune system by destroying white blood cells which help us to destroy invaded pathogens. When HIV enters a white blood cell, it may remain dormant. However, once it is activated, it infects a nonher cell to assign many new HIVS. After a certain period of time, the white blood cells are destroyed and leading to a loss of function of the immune system (Y.K. Ho,2004). The first ever case of a person with AIDS was detected in America in 1959 which later emerged as a atrociously widespread disease in the 1980s in countries wish well France, , Belgium, Uganda, Zambia Tanzania, Zimbabwe etc. Moreover, AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The sign cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no cognise cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.Soon thereafter, an unexpected number of gay men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposis sarcoma (KS). Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventio n (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. In the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.They also used Kaposis Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981. At one point, the Center of Diseases Control coined the phrase the 4H disease, since the syndrome seemed to affect Haitians, homosexuals, hemophiliacs, and heroin users. In the general press, the margin GRID, which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had been coined. However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the gay community, it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS. HIV is a fast dispersion disease i n the creation which ifnot controlledcan take an epidemic proportion. According to the data and statistics of World Health Organization, global summary of the AIDS epidemic, 2009, the number of people living with HIV is around 33. 3 million and AIDS death in 2009 is around 1. 8 million. The highest numbers of AIDS cases are found in Mumbai in India which is known as die AIDS capital of the country and is closely followed by Chennai, Thiruvanandiapuram, Nagpur, Aurangabad and Kolhapur.Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Delhi too have a number of HIV cases being reported in die recent years. As per die common myth, HIV infection is not contagious as is measles, chicken pox, tuberculosis, cholera, plague, smallpox etc. The infection principally spreads through a sexual route or blood to blood contact. HIV spreads mainly through sexual relationship-whether heterosexual or homosexual with an infected partner, transfusion of HIV infected blood and blood products, use of infected syringes or needles and is passed on by an infected mother to her unborn child.It is therefore, foolish to look at that HIV spreads through mosquitoes, embracing, holding, touching or kissing each other, shaking hands, coughing, sneezing, spitting, sharing of public toilets or swimming pools, sharing meals or eating from the like plates, or sharing clothes, bed sheets, or attending similar schools or working together. There are many causes to explain why people got AIDS and there are also around serious effects. The first cause can be because they did not recieve enough learning about specific illnesses like AIDS.So to help us to prevent AIDS we need to educate the children carefully. It is because AIDS has existed since many years ago. Although many scientists have tried to discover the treatment against this ugly disease, they have not found some patent treatments yet. Scientists caution that a safe, effective vaccine against HIV may be at least a decade away, mainly because, like the i nfluenza virus, HIV mutates (changes structure) quickly, producing different strains. An ideal vaccine must be able to stimulate neutralization of both waive viruses and those hidden within lymphocytes, such s T-helper cells. Researchers in various countries have developed and are testing a few preliminary vaccines. One sub-unit vaccine, do from virus coat material (a glycoprotein) genetically cloned in an insect virus (the baculovirus, which attacks moths and butterflies but no humans) has been shown to stimulate an immune response in experimental animals. other preliminary vaccine, produced by cloning modified Vaccinia viruses, containing a portion of HIV envelope, is about to enter clinical trials in New York. But to troth no vaccine tried in animals or humans has been shown to prevent AIDS.The best way to avoid AIDS is to regard it as a exceedingly lethal disease and practice commonsense prevention. Avoiding infection is in ones own hands. People can protect themselves. To halt its spread, people are encouraged to obtain and apply accurate AIDS information to their living styles and sexual habits in order to reduce the adventure of getting or communicate the virus. Sadly, health promoters claim that reaching the many who dont want to know is no easy task. Health promoters suggest that educators must learn how and when to communicate AIDS information in the right way at teachable moments.Many Public Health Departments are now taking the lead in disseminating education about AIDS with large scale public awareness programs. On the other hand, there are many ways to reduce AIDS, but the primary way is have a protective sex. One of the examined showed that consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV contagious disease by approximately 80% over the long term. When one partner of a couple is infected, consistent condom use results in rates of HIV infection for the uninfected person of below 1% per year.There is some evidence to suggest that female cond oms may provide an equivalent level of protection. Application of a vaginal gel containing tenofovir (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor) immediately in the lead sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women. By contrast, use of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation. Circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months.Based on these studies, the World Health Organization and UNAIDS both recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in 2007. Whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined. Some experts fear that a lower perception of picture among circumcised men may result in more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preven tive effects.Women who have undergone female genital cutting have an increased risk of HIV. Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk. Evidence for a benefit from peer education is as poor. Comprehensive sexual education provided at school may decrease high risk behavior. A substantial minority of young people continues to enmesh in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.It is not known if treating other sexually contractable infections is effective in preventing HIV. To conclude, AIDS is a very dangerous diseases, so it needs to be controlled.. We must go to all extremes in preventing this virus from spreading much more that it already has. If you could spread it then you need to be tested, educated, isolated and treated. We must do all that it takes to prevent someone else from being infected. References Aids. In Wikipedia. com. Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/HIV/AIDS

Culture Shock Among International Students Essay

There argon certain individuals that throw outnot adopt the surroundings in an instant. One good example is when an individual entered a new environment, mentation that he peck cope with or soones subtlety immediately. Methods of handling refinement Shock vary cross-culturally, all people feign up with the daub and build their identity differently. Factors such as general behaviour, motivation to acclimatize, skills in wording, fellow and host nationals support, the distance in cultural look of two cultures involved and mainly familiarity make during the encounter are factors of degree of this acculturation of finale Shock.Various people, such as tourists, outside(a) educatees, businessmen who scram partners abroad and so on, can suffer from Culture Shock. In spite of the fact that international students face Culture Shock and yield to overcome it fast, they are containy for it because they go abroad deliberately and know what they want. Nowadays Culture Shock has be en interpreted in many ways by the people who already live ond it and by anthropologists studying it. In general, Culture Shock can be defined as the process of initial adjustment to an unfamiliar environment (Pedersen 34).Mostly, people who travel a lot in other unpolished experience Culture Shock, whether its a temporary vacation or bring intimately a new resident for a certain place. All of a sudden the person is on the state of shock. Life becomes impulsive for them and they digest problems with lintel even with the simplest aspects of living. Culture Shock was first introduced in Kalvero Obergs literature, 1960. Oberg defines Culture Shock as precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life (176). Oberg talks about the visual aspects of culture such as customs, language and attitude as in contrast to beliefs and values they can be pragmatic. Individuals tend to judge visually and applying their beliefs is responsible for the anxiety. Many scientists establish their own meanings of Culture Shock but to the highest degree of them are closely related to the definition of Oberg. For example, Hofstede defines Culture Shock as a state of Makarova 2distress quest the transfer of a person to an unfamiliar cultural environment, that can be accompanied by physical illness (97). Elisabeth Marx just simply calls it the experience of foreignness (71). Evidently, most of the definitions have in common, that Culture Shock is an unpleasant reaction encountered with an unfamiliar culture. According to Kalvero Oberg, Culture Shock has four stages. The Honeymoon demo is where a person feels excited about the adventure. The Crisis or Cultural Shock peak is when aperson tries to look up for new things and becomes aware of the differences between his own culture and the other new culture. The Adjustment stage is the stage where the person starts to recover, accepts the new culture and sense of self comes back. And lastly the Adaptation Stage is when a person resumes his conversant pattern but now has a different contextual from the new culture (177). People who encounter this kind of situation behave in a very different way and have all sorts of feelings.In his original article, Oberg lists six main aspects of Culture Shock 1) tonal pattern caused by the effort to adapt 2) sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, profession and possessions 3) feeling rejected by or rejecting members of the new culture 4) confusion in role, values and self-identity 5) anxiety and even disgust, anger about foreign practices 6) feelings of helplessness, not being open to cope with the new environment (180). worse temper, fears of being cheated, contaminated and injured or disregarded, the feeling of purposelessness are the signs of Culture Shock that Adler have observed (21). The symptoms may range from mild humour to surprise or disgust (Scupin 124). It stands to reason, everybody reacts something new, unusual and obscure differently. Almost everybody who spends some time abroad experiences the problem of Culture Shock due to cross-cultural differences. This utilise true for international students as well who left their home countries to study overseas.Leaving home and travelling to study in a new terra firma can be a stressful experience. Research provides substantial evidence that Culture Shock has negative effects on international students. But it should be mentioned that Culture Shock among them has some peculiarities. Firstly, students who goes abroad to study at universities leave their families and friends Makarova 3 at home, they have to live alone in another commonwealth where there are not acquaintances. They bustt have usual support close to them and first of all should meet new people and involve friends with them .Secondly, the main task for students is to study, to concentrate on getting new knowledge, to learn a lot of information. But it is difficult enough because they find themselves in all in all new surroundings. Thirdly, young people have to obey foreign teachers which have their special viewpoint and demands. They should forget about their habitual rules and adjust to new ones. Fourthly, it is demand for them to count their money because prices can be higher or lower in comparison with their own country and at home it was their parents who paid for everything.Thats why, some students dont just know how to spend money economically. So, keeping to a budget can help to survive. Fifthly, parents dont ceaselessly provide their children who study abroad with enough money. Moreover, students dont always have a very large grant and sometimes they dont have it at all. Therefore, young boys and girls have to find a job and earn money to help their parents and be open to buy what they want. Sixthly, unknown food, strange shops, new traffic code are everywhere and it isnt easy to understand everything at once and get adjusted to it.Food should be tasted, shops explored, rules learnt and it can take much time. And seventhly, students dont know anyone and every day they meet more and more people. Some of them are friendly and ready to help, some dont pay attention to strangers, others can be hostile to foreigners. So, it is very important to start communicating with those who will help and support. These special distinction can explain why international students should overcome Culture Shock fast. They just have no time to go by dint of all stages, they have to study.It seems that Culture Shock affects the performance of international students either directly or indirectly, and most international students dont know about this. For example, an international student can lock himself/herself in a his/her room the for whole day, not attending classes, doing nothing just looking out of the window or thinking about home. But finally they start using this time effectively and wisely, revising what they have studied, completing assignments and end up with better grades and results and meet deadlines. early(a) international students can even lock themselves in Makarova 4 a room for the whole week, do nothing just think about home, read news on the internet about home or chat with families and friends back home through Skype, social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. Most of them dont know to what extent Culture Shock has affected them. For example some students take medicine almost every day or come across hospitals regularly without knowing that Culture Shock is the cause and has highly affected them thats why they are in a such condition.No doubt, international students prepare for studying abroad for a long time, they dream of foreign universities and ready for Culture Shock beforehand. They study foreign language and country soundly because th ey are interested in it. They take a liking to the country where they are going to study, want to live and work there. Their pen-friends tell everything about customs, traditions and way of life of their country. Certain purposes of studying abroad are very important for these young people and students do their best to achieve them.Besides, there are a lot of international students from other countries in universities who also go through Culture Shock and they constantly help each other. Students who live in this country and study at these universities are very tolerant and patient to foreign students because they need other experience and opinions. The same can be said about teachers, they are always ready to support foreign students. Universities themselves can provide accommodation and a place to work because they need bright students and are able to help them.And of course, young boys and girls who live and study in foreign countries have constant support from home, often calls and messages from parents and friends. According to these facts, it can be said that most of the international students arent afraid of Culture Shock and handle it very easily. To sum up, international students are the most prepared for Culture Shock radical of people, because studying abroad is their dream and goal. They want to enter foreign universities, they are eager to live overseas and Culture Shock are not able to prevent them from doing it.But at the same time, they should remember that Culture Shock is entirely normal, usually unavoidable and not a sign that they have made a mistake or that they wont manage. In fact there are very positive aspects of culture shock. The Makarova 5 experience can be a significant learning experience, making them more aware of aspects of their own culture as well as the new culture they have entered. It will give them valuable skills that will serve them in many ways now and in the future and which will be part of the emolument of an interna tional education. Makarova 6 Works Cited Adler, P.The Transitional Experience An Alternative View of Culture Shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1975 13-23. Hofstede, G. H. Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind. New York N. P. , 1997. Marx, E. Breaking through Culture Shock What You Need to Succeed in International Business. London N. P. , 1999. Oberg, K. Cultural Shock Adjustment to New Cultural Environments. Practical Anthropologist 1960, 175-182. Pedersen, P. The Five Stages of Culture Shock Critical Incidents around the World. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1995. Scupin, R. Cultural Anthropology A Global Perspective. New York Pearson, 2011.

Casey Anthony Essay

Courtroom trials are very interesting to me and I re whollyy enjoyed clerking for judges and being able to watch everything from beginning to end. The case I have chosen is a control panel trial and that jury ends up being seven women and five men. The criminal laws that were violated were many starting with nestling Neglect, making false official statements and obstructing an investigation. Forging checks, fraudulent use of identification and petty theft, first degree murder, aggravated child abuse aggravated manslaughter and quad counts of guile to law enforcement.Heading the prosecution was the District Attorney of Orange County Florida with several of the Assistant District Attorneys. The self-denial has Jose Baez and what they were calling a team of defense counsel, which actually ended up only being 3. Judge Belvin Perry was on the bench and all of the witnesses that were on both the states list of witnesses to call exclusively the defense as well. The outcome of this tri al rocked the nation as the verdict was read live which were Not Guilty of Aggravated Murder, Aggravated Child cry and Aggravated Manslaughter.The defendant was found guilty on 4 counts of the forgery of checks and was credited for time served, then released from jail. Casey Anthony made national news for several old age and remained the top story. She had been charged and arrested with murdering her two year old female child, Caylee Anthony. Casey denied ever knowing anything to the police of her whereabouts and told law enforcement that her nanny had taken Caylee by force and she had been looking for her in different avenues, to supposedly protect the child.Also stating she should have contacted police so cardinalr than 31 days prior, exclusively she was in fear for her daughters intent was the story she stuck to. After being jailed and held without bond pictures of the young mother were posted all oer My Space portraying Casey Anthony as nonhing but a party girl. It wasnt un til the actual trial started and the story took a huge flip and George Anthony who is Caseys father and grandfather of little Caylee, was being impeach of sexually molesting his daughter since she was 8 years old and covering up the truth about the whereabouts of the two year old.Since Casey had been a child, she had been taught to cover up and lie in about certain situations if it was going to cause embarrassment to the family. It was George who had found the lifeless body of Caylee Anthony, lying face down in their pool and the cover-up began. George Anthony did not want it to get out that the family was irresponsible and left the ladder out to get into the pool. Which the story reads, little Caylee climbed up that ladder and got in the pool herself, cod to no supervision and drowned. Skeletal remains of a small child were found 3 months later within a mile of the Anthony home.The body had been discarded like a piece of trash, and her remains had been duct taped in a black gar bage bag and tossed into the woods. It became media frenzy and, Orlando, Florida became the busiest it had ever been since the child had kaput(p) missing. It was in fact the remains of Caylee Anthony and to this day, the young mother sticks to her story and accuses her own father of covering the death of her child up and forced Casey to go along with it. She had been taught to obey her father and did not want to go against his strictness and allowed George Anthony to dispose of the body.The trial that began on May 24, 2011 went to the jury on July 3rd 2011. Deliberations were suspended over the 4th of July holiday and resumed July 5th. During its deliberations, the jurors did not ask to review any of the 400 exhibits, request any clarifications of the law or ask for any of the trial proof to be read back. After deliberating for 10 hours and 40 minutes, the foreperson informed the court that the jury had reached a unanimous verdict that afternoon. More often than not when a jury re turns a verdict that quickly and without asking for any type of assistance from the court, it bodes ill for the defendant.This jury, however, was about to prove the old maxim that juries are episodic despite what all the talking heads predicted it would conclude. The jury found her not guilty of murder, aggravated child abuse and manslaughter. She was however, convicted of four counts of lying to police officers. Judge Perry sentenced Casey to one year in jail and $1,000. 00 in fines for each of the providing false information counts. She was released from jail on July 17, 2011due to time already served. While Casey had been acquitted in her daughters death, Caseys problems were not at an end.The defamation suit of Zenaida Gonzalez who Casey accused of kidnapping her daughter (one of the false statements) is seeking both compensatory and punitive damages. Gonzalez states she lost her excogitate as a result of Caseys allegations which led to the loss of her apartment by eviction an d she and her 6 children continue to be harassed and threatened. (Kumar) It has changed how society whole shebang today by taking more child missing stories more serious and not to the facts of the case, but the simple fact that the 12 person jury could not convict her due to lack of evidence.The State of Florida had not proved their case and she was walking free except with a few misdemeanor charges of lying to law enforcement. How could this have happened, with all the circumstantial evidence of her guilt was obvious, the jury stood by the law? The evidence did not prove that Casey had been involved at all without finding any DNA or any other minute evidence. At almost the end of the trial, Casey asked to be evaluated by Psychologist and Psychiatrist to see if she was mentally capable to continue with the trial. She was found competent and the trial continued til the end finding her not guilty.All of America disagreed with the verdict except the defendant and the defense counsel and still held her responsible for her daughters death. Society even went to the extreme as to calling the jury idiots I believe Casey Anthony led a not so great life, but was also a spoiled brat who always got her way. So with the news that she was walking free didnt surprisal me, as I couldnt see any physical evidence either. Sad but true, she is out living her life without her daughter and it does not see to bother her a bit. Casey is in hiding though as of today and knows there are people out there who hate her.She has started to learn and own her lies and what they did to people, and has told friends she has a lot of regards. Other sources say she plans to receive psychological counseling. She is young and optimistic and realizes she cant change the past but she can apparent movement forward.

Federal government of the United States Essay

2010 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. All rights reserved. The Carnegie Endowment does not take institutional positions on public policy issues the views equal here are the authors own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Endowment, its staff, or its trustees.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Carnegie Endowment. Please direct inquiries to close to the AuthorNathaniel Ahrens is a visiting scholar in the Carnegie Energy and Climate Program, where his research focuses on climate, energy, and sustainable development issues in china. He is the president of well-fixed Road Ventures Ltd., a channel development and strategic advisory firm that provides expertise and support for critical projects in China, including sustainable development, government procurement, agriculture, and media. Previously, Ahrens was senior point of intersection manager and director of internatio nal sales for Intrinsic Technology, a Shanghai-establish telecommunications software provider.He also founded Shanghai Pack Ltd., a luxury-brand packaging company based in Shanghai and Paris. Ahrens is a member of the National Committee on U.S.China Relations, the Asia Society, and serves as an honorary ambassador for the State of Maine.Indigenous cornerstone1 has become the superlative immediate source of economic friction between the United States and China. This trend is not unique to these two countries policy makers globally are actively nerve-wracking to stimulate domestic innovation.The burgeoning markets for biotech and environmentrelated products and services and, potentially even more important, countries efforts to emerge from the global economic slowdown all reinforce this trend. Mindful of this global scene, China has made indigenous innovation one of the core elements of its attempt to make a structural shift up the industrial value chain.Recently, however, indigeno us innovation has been tarred with a protectionist brush. In both China and the United States, there have been increasing calls for buy- local anaesthetic stipulations and the erection of tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade. In China, these measures primarily take the shape of government local content mandates and finished the preferential treatment given to products officially classified as national indigenous innovation products (NIIP) in the government procurement process. In the United States, they have taken the form of buy-local provisions and efforts to shut out foreign companies.The conflict has been escalating dangerously. In the run-up to the recent Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the U.S. business community ranked indigenous innovation in China as its number one policy concern, above even the currency issue. As of this writing, the light upon points of contention remain unresolved.Yet despite the loud cries of protest against it, the global trend toward homegrown innovation is a healthy, positive development. Without innovation, countries cannot continually raise contend and living standards.2 Government procurement should play an important role in stimulating innovation, but maintaining open markets and international linkages is critical.But instead of following its real approach of short-term product substitution and picking winners by protecting them from competition, China should focus on proven, market-friendly ways of stimulating innovation. Government procurements primary roles should be market signaling, de-risking R&D, bridging the finance gap, and stimulating demand.The United States would also benefit by refocusing its government procurement policies along the lines indicated in the key findings of this paper, especially concentrating on facilitating more open markets and elevating the importance of sustainable procurement. The following set of specific recommendations for China will stimulate innovation through open markets and the effective use of government procurement

Macro Enviroment

Contents Topic PRELIMINARY MATEIALS1. Cover P eld2. Table of Contents3. Summary2. 0 BODY OF REPORT summary of vitiate2. 1 Introduction2. 2 Introduction to damage description2. 3 impair history and development2. 4 The macro instruction environment2. 4. 1 Demographic forces2. 4. 2 Economic Forces2. 4. 3 rude(a) Forces2. 4. 4 Technological Forces2. 4. 5 Political Forces2. 4. 6 heathenish Forces2. 5 Organizations within the industry2. 5. 1 Market Position2. 5. 2 Target Markets2. 5. 3 The Marketing riffle (4Ps)2. 5. 3. 1 Product2. 5. 3. 2 Price2. 5. 3. 3 procession2. 5. 3. sit2. 6. Strength and weakness of def baseer2. 6. 1 Strengths2. 6. 2 Weaknesses2. 6. 3 Opportunities2. 6. 4 Threads2. 7 Conclusion2. 8 References3. 0 BODY OF REPORT Analysis of turnout cat3. 1 Introduction3. 2 Introduction of Kit Kat description3. 3 Kit Kat history and brand development3. 3. 1 Varieties intersection of Kit Kat3. 4 Macro environment3. 4. 1 Demographic Force3. 4. 2 Economic Force3. 4. 3 Natu ral Force3. 4. 4 Technological Force3. 4. 5 Political Force3. 4. 6 Cultural Force3. 5 Organizations within the industry3. 5. 1 Market Position3. 5. 2 Target Markets3. 5. 3 The Marketing Mix (4Ps)3. 5. 3. 1 Product3. 5. 3. 2 Price3. 5. 3. 3 Promotion3. 5. 3. 4 Place3. 6 The analysis of the chore environment3. 6. 1 Strength3. 6. 2 Weaknesses3. 6. 3 Opportunities3. 6. 4 Threat3. 7 Conclusion3. 8 References1. 4 SummaryIn this assignment of brand analysis and information, harvestings that I choose ar hot chocolate brands. Two brand that been analyze is deflower and Kit Kat in Chinas Market. Basic ally, mar structured is a family professed order that produces or so of the terra firmas track confectionery fodder and pet c atomic number 18 productions and has a growing beverage and wellness & nutrition businesses.mar incorporated was founded in 1911. It operates in to a greater extent than than 65 countries and employed more than 40,000 associates manhoodwide. The comp whate vers spheric gross r regular(a)ue ar approximately $21 b wanion annually. devise analysis is taken in consideration to match the confederacys strength to seductive opportunities in the environment, while estimating or overcoming the weakness and minimizing the threats Besides that, Kit Kat products ar chthonian Nestle Company. Nestle is the plumpingst feed phoner in the sphere measured by revenue.Nestle was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Company. Nestle set several qualitative objectives on large number who consume Kit Kat, with the vision that Kit Kat would be the immanent prize for all breaks. Kit Kat is one of the worlds leading chocolate brands. thither were antithetical smorgasbord of flavour and shape of Kit Kat products cosmos develop. In macro environment, on that file are some factor that buttocks feature a queen-size impact in it which includes demographic force, sparing force, ingrained force, technological force, political force a nd cultural force.SWOT analysis is taken in consideration to match the companys strength to attractive opportunities in the environment, while estimating or overcoming the weakness and minimizing the threats. ANALYSIS OF vitiate 2. 1 INTRODUCTION marwhich is similarlycalled Mars touchstone is achocolate containmanufactured byMars, unified. It was frontmost manufactured inSlough,Berkshirein the joined Kingdom in 1932 as a sweeter version of the US off-white carriage barwhich Mars, Inc. Produced. It was advertised to the bargain as organism made with Cadburys chocolate as couverture. In the United States, a contrary confection bears the Mars bar name.Featuring nougat, demulcent caramel, and almonds coated in milk chocolate, the Ameri crapper Mars bar was relaunched in 2010 afterward being discontinued in 2002. Mars is a genuinely secret company, which rarely interacts with the media beca function it wants to be known for its products rather than its executives. The compan ys secrecy is legendary, and many rumors pass water circulated or so the Mars management skills and a nonher(prenominal) business factors. The business structure is unconventional with no executive gainices and no executive parking spaces. Low ranking and advanced ranking executives sit together to improve functionality and communication.Mars runs its business based on the philosophy of five principals QualityThe consumer is our boss, prime(prenominal) is our work and value for money is our ending. Responsibility As individuals we demand the total tariff from ourselves as associates we support the responsibilities of others. MutualityA mutual benefit is a characterd benefit a shared benefit get out endure. EfficiencyWe use resources to the full, waste nonhing and do only what we can do best. FreedomWe need freedom to shape our future we need profit to re primary(prenominal) free. 2. 2 INTRODUCTION TO MARS DESCRIPTIONMars, Incorporatedis an American manufacturer ofco nfectionery, pet food, and other food products withUS$30 billion in annual sales in 2010, and is ranked as the 5th largest privately held company in the United States by Forbes. Mars, Incorporated, through its subsidiaries, engages in producing and selling chocolates, pet care, and food products in the United States and inter casely. It provides pet medicine, nutrition, and food products ready-made meals, sauces, relishes, and cooking aids chocolates, chewing gums, candies, and mints and drinks, including hot chocolate drinks, teas, and coffees.The company in profit offers insights to dog owners DNA testing kits for ca nine-spots natural substrates to grow plants and CocoaVia, which provides products that allow umber flaforefrontols for intelligent lifestyle. Mars believes in implementing their five guiding principles like fiber, responsibility, mutuality, efficiency and freedom at all levels of choices made by the company, and the manner in which Mars does business. Mars, In corporated is generating globose sales of more than $28 billion annually and operating in six business segments Chocolate, Petcare, Wrigley glue and Confections, Food, Drinks, and Symbioscience.These sections produce some of the worlds leading brands Chocolate M&MS, SNICKERS, come down, GALAXY, MARS, MILKY WAY and TWIX Petcare line of work, WHISKAS, SHEBA, CESAR, NUTRO, GREENIES, and ROYAL CANIN Wrigley ORBIT, EXTRA, STARBURST, DOUBLEMINT and SKITTLES Food UNCLE BENS, DOLMIO, EBLY, MASTERFOODS and SEEDS OF CHANGE Drinks KLIX and FLAVIA Symbioscience WISDOM PANEL, SERAMIS, CIRKUHEALTH and COCOAPRO. 2. 3 MARS HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTMars Incorporated is a family owned company that produces some of the worlds leading confectionery food and pet care products and has a growing beverage and wellness & nutrition businesses. It was founded in 1911, the company manufactures and marts a variety of products under many of the worlds most recognizable trademarks, including MILKYWAY, M&M s, SNICKERS, MARS, UNCLE BENS Rice, and PEDIGREE and WHISKAS pet care products. Its headquartered are in McLean, Virginia, Mars Incorporated operates in more than 65 countries and employed more than 40,000 associates worldwide.The companys global sales are approximately $21 billion annually. Frank Mars was born in Minnesota, USA in 1882. Due to mild infantile paralysis his walking was impaired. His mother taught him to hand dip chocolate as a means to keep him entertained. Frank married in 1902 and in 1904, Forrest Mars sr. was born, in Minnesota. Frank Mars and his second wife started devising and selling butter cream candies from their third home in Washington, in 1911. This led them to rental their first sugarcoat factory, the Mars Candy factory Inc, which employed 125 staff. In 1920, Frank moved to a larger site in Minnesota, which he called nougat house.The Mar-o-bar was stash externald to the candy range in 1922. With a larger site for dissemination of this candy the M ar-o-bar company was launched. After three long time of researching, the Milky Way candy bar was introduced and was an instant success. Sales change magnitude and more staff was hired. In 1929 Mars incorporated, now with 200 staff, relocated from Minneapolis to Chicago. The central location of Chicago offered a better railroad access to the rest of the country. The Snickers bar was launched in 1930. Forrest Mars Snr arrived in the UK in Slough to start his own business in 1932.The Mars confectionary business diversifies with the acquisition of the dog food business in the UK. M&MS Brand Milk Chocolate Candies were initially sell to the public public in 1941 and gained popularity from the American GIs serving in World War II. The delicious confection was packed in a tube and served with their food rations. M&MS Milk Chocolate Candies were sold in the military as a neat, convenient snack that traveled well in any climate. By the late 1940s, M&MS Milk Chocolate Candies became widely available to the public and the reception was excellent.As America entered the 1950s, M&MS Milk Chocolate Candies became a house breastfeed name, particularly with the growth of television. In 1954, M&MS goober Chocolate Candies were introduced and the sales of both varieties continued to grow. That same family the universally loved M&MS Brand Characters and the famous slogan, The Milk Chocolate Melts in Your Mouth, Not in Your Hand, debuted in the brands initial TV advertising. The popularity of M&MS Chocolate Candies continued throughout the 1960s and 1970s as the brand firmly sanctioned itself as an icon of American culture.Even with decades of phenomenal success behind it, Mars North America never forgot that quality and consumer satisfaction were paramount. M&MS Chocolate Candies hurt continued to be a part of recent American history. In 1982, M&MS Chocolate Candies were the first candy chosen by space shuttle astronauts to be included in their food supply. M&MS Chocolate C andies are now on permanent display at the space food exhibit of the National Air & Space Museum in Washington, D. C. In 1984, M&MS Chocolate Candies supported international athletes as the authorised Snack of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles.The 1990s brought ii new products to the M&MS Chocolate Candies family. In 1990, the company began selling M&MS Peanut Butter Candies. M&MS almond Chocolate Candies, first introduced as a seasonal product in 1988, went national in 1992. For many years, M&MS Chocolate Candies substantiate offered a variety of vivid seasonal b sum ups to highlight the holidays, including Christmas, Valentines Day, eastmoster and Halloween. In 1995, consumers across the country became a part of M&MS Chocolate Candies history by voting the access of a new deform to the mix. Americans chose between pink, purple, grisly or no substitute.An astounding 10,234,142 votes subsequent, the color blue won by a landslide and appeared in packages everywhere in S eptember of that year. The year 1996 entrust be remembered as the year M&MS lovers began to customize their color combinations with 21 colourise in special dispensers located in selected specialty stores across the country. In 2005, MY M&MS launched as a personalized printing option online at mymms. com, providing consumers the opportunity to print custom messages on a selection of 22 distinguishable coloured M&MS to celebrate everyday occasions. The historic moment in 1997 was the debut of Ms. Green, the first femM&MS Character.Ms. Green has star in a number of commercials with the popular Emmy Award-winning comedian Dennis Miller. A multi-faceted motivational speaker and author, Green was on tour promoting her autobiography, I Melt For No One, and has right out-of-door achieved the celebrity status of her male live-action colleagues Red, Yellow and Blue M&MS Characters. In 1998, the M&MS Brand Spokescandies declared themselves the Official Candy of the New Millennium. Sin ce MM means 2000 in Roman Numerals, M&MS Chocolate Candies was the only candy brand that could tie that connection, leveraging the Millennium fever for all it as worth. A nonher major milestone for the M&MS Brand go onred in early January 1999 with the national introduction of M&MS Crispy Chocolate Candies, a crispy rice center surrounded by milk chocolate and cover with a chocolate candy shell. At the same time, the M&MS Crispy Character made his debut for the 1999 tiptop Bowl. Crispy, the neurotic, orange Character, starred in seven unlike television spots featuring famous celebrities Halle Berry, Diedrich Bader and Patrick Warburton. In June of 2000, Red, the famous M&MS Spokescandy, had a celebration of his own.After years of trying, Red finally convinced the company he didnt want to be called Plain, anymore. As a result, the No. 1 candy brand in the world is now known as M&MS Milk Chocolate. M&MS Milk Chocolate Candies, its tagline now said, have the Same Great Taste, Much B etter Name. In 2002, M&MS asked the world, What color would you choose? in the first-ever globular COLOR VOTE. The GLOBAL COLOR VOTE marked the largest promotion ever in the 61-year history of M&MS. Voters in more than 200 countries voted on which color pink, purple or aqua would join the famous M&MS mix.Voters hailed from all ends of the Earth. Approximately 10 million votes were cast and purple was coronate the winning color. In 2004, the M&MS Brand experienced a color disruption where all M&MS cancelled black and white. The company launched the Great Color Quest contest, which led consumers to collect black and white M&MS bags. Six bags featuring all the colors were scattered across the country waiting to be found. Eventually the colors returned with a larger sig dis lay out m on each candy and a new blend of color for a brighter mix. The year 2006 marked the permanent introduction of M&MS Dark.The brand declared Dark in force(p) Got Fun by having the spokescandy Red appe ar in famous art masterpieces. Red first appeared playing hopscotch on Edvard Munchs famous experiential masterpiece, The Scream, which had been stolen from the Oslo Museum one year earlier in a highly publicized international art theft. The brand announced a reward of 2 million dark chocolate M&MS for the recovery. Just days after the announcement, the painting was found by Norwegian police, which begged the questions, Was it the M&MS? In 2007, M&MS revealed Lady Libertys fun side with a 50-foot statue in New York Harbor.The smiling statue kicked off a new campaign encouraging all Americans to find their Inner M&M (or fun side) inside of them at mms. com. The M&MS Brand has re designateed superior quality and enjoyment to consumers since Mr. Frank C. Mars founded the brand in 1940. The appeal of M&MS Chocolate Candies is universal, go through age, gender and national boundaries and bringing colorful chocolate fun to everyone. On Valentines Day 2008, Ms. Green fanned the flames on decades of speculation that The Green Ones hold special aphrodisiac powers.The brand celebrated the myths, rumors and innuendo surrounding The Green Ones by displaying limited-edition all-green M&MS Chocolate Candies amidst the holidays tralatitious sea of red and pink. Packages of the candies included the following disclaimer Consumption of The Green Ones may result in elevated Romance Levels. If you experience this effect, contact your crucial Other immediately. An online campaign encouraged American fans to interact and show their support for Ms. Green in her quest to make green the new color of love. afterward in 2008, M&MS introduced a fun new way to experience premium chocolate through the introduction of M&MS Premiums from the shimmering gem-like way the chocolate candy looked to the variety of exotic savorings, M&MS Premiums redefined the premium chocolate experience. Today, there are more than nine permanent varieties of M&MS Chocolate Candies, and indeed Seasonal C andies made for special occasions including Easter, Halloween and Valentines Day. Customers seem to be most overzealous about the color found in each bag of M&MS Chocolate Candies.Existing product lines include M&MS Milk Chocolate Candies, M&MS Dark Chocolate Candies, M&MS Premiums, M&MS Peanut Chocolate Candies, M&MS Dark Chocolate Peanut Candies, M&MS Almond Chocolate Candies, M&MS Peanut Butter Chocolate Candies, M&MChocolate Mini Baking Bits, MY M&MS Milk Chocolate Candies, and M&MS MINIS Milk Chocolate Candies. SNICKERS The SNICKERS Bar was first introduced to the public in 1930. The SNICKERS name came from a favorite horse of the Mars family. SNICKERS Bar is made of goober butter nougat topped with caramel and roasted peanuts and covered with milk chocolate.The peanuts are crisp-textured special grade, which have great flavor and stay fresh. From 1933 to 1935, SNICKERS Bar was a bikini bar and was called Double SNICKERS. In 1936, the bar returned to a single format. During the next 50 years, the SNICKERS Bar evolved into various sizes. In 1953, handy Snickers six-packs were created for in-home consumption. In 1979, Fun-Size SNICKERS Bars hit candy shelves nationwide. In 1990, the introduction of bite-size SNICKERS Miniatures proved satisfying to even the slightest of appetites.In 1984, SNICKERS Bar became the Official Snack Food sponsor of the Olympics in Los Angeles. SNICKERS Brand launched its first ice cream product, the SNICKERS Ice Cream Cone, during National Ice Cream Month in July 1994. The SNICKERS Ice Cream Bar was introduced two years later in 1996. SNICKERS Bar is currently the number-one-selling candy bar in the United States and is consistently named as the Favorite Candy Brand across all age groups in the U. S. SNICKERS is sold in more than 70 countries around the world. In 2002, the UK Mars bar was reformulated and repackaged.This made it sell for more money. The nougat was made lighter, the chocolate on top became thinner, and the over all weight of the bar was getd slightly. This was met with outrage from Mars purists, as in a sales pitch to local media in Slough, the change in ingredients was to follow the trend of its sister the Milky Way bar and 5 Star bars. Product designers at The Mars Candy Company in the US put this down to nostalgia over the past hugely popularStarbar, which also contained the same reinvented light whipped nougatine. The box was also redesigned with a less-bold and a more cursive logo. The slogan Pleasure you cant measure, was intended to appeal to a more feminine, youthful grocery store. M&Ms Chocolate Candies were first sold in the year 1941. The candies were consumed by World War II soldiers, as the candies were an easily packaged energy snack. Forrest Mars Sr. invented the M&Ms recipe after witnessing soldiers from the Spanish Civil War eating pellets of chocolate encased in a hard sugary coating (Mars Incorporated, 2008). These candies were easy to take along, as they id non melt easily. M&Ms Plain Chocolate Candies were very popular in the 1940s and 50s. Mars introduced M&Ms Peanut Chocolate Candies in 1954, along with the characters and slogan, The milk chocolate melts in your mouth non in your hand. The original candies were chocolate colored, with red, yellow and green introduced in 1960, and orange in 1976. In 2000, the name M&Ms Plain Chocolate Candies was changed to M&Ms Milk Chocolate Candies. Marss purchase of Doane Petcare Company in June 2007 significantly increased its position in the U.S. dry pet food category. In addition to these businesses, Mars also operates a chain of premium chocolate shops across the United States called Ethels. These shops are an outgrowth of the Ethel M premium chocolate business that Forrest Mars started in Las Vegas in 1980 when he became bored with retirement. On April 28, 2008, Mars, Incorporated, together withBerkshire Hathaway Incorporated, announced the buyout ofWm. Wrigley younger Company, the worlds largest ch ewing gum producer, for $23 billion in an all-cash deal.The two companies together are expected to generate sales in excess of $27 billion. The company spent more than $1. 8 million on lobbying during 2008, almost all of it atPatton Boggs, where it has long been one of the largest lobbying clients. Mars also spent $10,000 atSkadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. In 2009, Mars also hiredErnst & Youngto lobby on corporate and international tax bares, including issues related to tax changes proposed by the Obama administration. The company spent another $1,655,000 that year.Until sold in June 2006, a division of Mars known asMars Electronics Internationalproduced, among other products, coin mechanisms such as those used in hawk machines. MEI also manufacturedbill validators, which were among the most common bill validators found in the US. A further Mars businessFour true utilize those products formerly made at MEI in their vending machines. Four Square comprises theFlaviaandKlixbran ds. Flaviaoperates within the US, UK and Japanese food food market places, whileKlixoperates within UK, Germany and France.In 2007, Mars, Incorporated undertook a major rebranding operation which saw, among other global changes, Four Square being renamed toMars Drinks, the pet food division that is formerly part of Masterfoods being renamed to Mars Petfoods and Masterfoods itself (the largest division of Mars, Incorporated) being renamed to Mars Snacks. Mars has taken upon itself the responsibility of seeking to ensure that the company delivers mutual benefit to all with whom it interacts associates, consumers, trade partners, our communities, and refinement but not least our planet.With a firm belief that the companys actions should never be at the expense, economic or otherwise, of others with whom they work, Mars powerfully believes that only success that is shared can be sustained and it is their goal to achieve this in all that they do. Mars firmly believes that contributin g positively to the environment and local communities is critical to the way the company does business. This includes the companys products, brands and operations.Mars formulates and implements its business plan with a full understanding of the fact that the companys amicable, environmental and economic values and practices impact where Mars does business and how it operates, particularly given the scope and scale of the global environmental challenges. Mars also recognizes that their long-term economic growth is inter-linked with their ability to adhere to the definition of sustainability produced by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Mars commitment to sustainability builds on the companys long-standing respectable commitment to the individual and the larger community. With the companys fundamental belief being that the onl y lasting success is shared success, this means success across the social, economic and environmental spectrum. The Mars scientific Advisory Council (MSAC), established in 2007, extends the expertise and builds on the significant contributions of scientific advice provided through the Mars Nutrition Research Council which operated from 1998-2007.Composed of highly recognized researchers from all over the world and operating as an independent, external source of expert advice to Mars, Incorporated, the MSAC provides objective, expert scientific advice to Mars, Incorporated on advances, opportunities, and barriers to progress in human and wight health and nutrition research, plant sciences and sustainability, and in other areas of research relevant to the Companys current and potential future product lines. A global leader among snackfood and food brands, Mars, Incorporated has a long history of marketing its products responsibly.Over the years Mars has adopted guidelines and policie s for their advertising and marketing activities, reviewing and updating them periodically to reflect consumer feedback, new technologies, and the latest thinking by advertising self-regulatory bodies. The hallmark of Mars marketing commitments is their industry-leading policy to not advertise their snack and other food products to children under the age of 12. Mars also aims to promote the consumption of their products in the context of a healthy, active lifestyle and a balanced diet. 2. 4 The Macro Environment 2. 4. 1 Demographic forcesThis is attempted in terms of the consumers. The advertisements are aimed exclusively at the young and vigorous and almost exclusively at males. extravagantly income guests it is estimated the age group buying the chocolates will be 22 onwards.. The customers are mostly urban, and are mostly professionals (engineers, doctors and executives. The psychographic profile They can either be individuals indulgence themselves, or they could be indulging their children. They are inner directed people who form their own values and norms and believe in not adhering blindly to social norms.They are somewhat occasion driven in their buying behaviour. Middle income customers it is estimated that the age group in this segment will be 15 plus. The consumers can be urban, semi urban, and is currently spreading to rural areas. The psychographic profile they are likely to be variety seeking in their behaviour. They are self expressing by record and inner directed to an extent. They like to indulge themselves. Children the upper age limit is estimated to be 12 years. They mostly purchase their chocolates with their pocket money.The consumers can be urban, semi urban, and rural, though their is a somewhat greater emphasis on urban. The psychographic profile they are novelty seeking in behaviour but they are also fun loving. 2. 4. 2 Economic forces In August last year the value of coffee was threatening to sky rocket as large swathes of th e coffee plantations in Papua New Guinea were infested by the Asian Moth. The region produces some 17% of the worlds cocoa. An infestation of a similar nature in Indonesia in 1998 caused some ? 13 million of damage. Mars were affected to such an extent that they sent out their own team to help remove the infestation.Mars are continuing to test a number of anti moth measures. (www. metro. co. uk 2006). The recent business decision to begin producing and using savage based rennet in the Mars bar has been disastrous. The resulting back lash from consumers in the Islamic faith, vegetarians and those with a strong social view on the use of rennet extracted from the lining of a calfs stomach, has led to Mars making a U-turn on a business decision, apologising for its decision and give an undertaking that they will return to producing a vegetarian product.Although this issue could be regarded as a social factor, it is in fact an issue of economics as Mars have identified the effect t his decision would have on its sales (www. bbc. co. uk 2007). There has been a growth in the chocolate market, the majority of which has been with the high quality, high value products associated to some extent with the growth in disposable income across the developed world. The growth in the market has not necessarily had a positive effect on the sales of Mars imputable to the inexpensive and generic nature of the product. still, this nexpensive nature of the Mars Bar makes purchasing it an uncomplicated decision for consumers with no financial consequences that could lead the purchaser to regret making the original decision to purchase a Mars bar or to restrict the quantity or frequency of purchases. The largest markets for Mars are generally the more affluent and developed markets with little room for growth such as UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The emerging and developing markets of India and China with a combined population of to the highest degree 2 Billion ind ividuals is a virtually untapped market of consumers.These markets would require a unique marketing dodging as although it has great potential, the regions are not known as great consumers of chocolate. Although a US product it is not known if the markets in India and China would take to it. For many geographic areas of both countries there would be concerns about refrigeration and chocolate melting, which would limit sales areas to main cities, and maybe wideger stores. nevertheless with the present level of mutual trade and the worlds general love of all things western it may not be a cause for concern. . 4. 3 Natural forces Thenatural environmentinvolves natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. The green movement has encouraged and even demanded that firms produce strategies that are not only environmentally friendly but are also environmentally proactive. Firms are beginning to recognize the link between a healthy economy and a healthy environment. There are large quantities of waste associated with the issue of chocolate which includes waste chocolate product.Over the last five years the Mars manufacturing plant in Australia has reduced the amount of waste it sends to landfill by 90%. For every 3000 tonnes of product produced every month, 220 tonnes of waste is produced. This is now fed to piglets. The animal waste is collected as fertilizer and the gases produced by the fermenting animal waste is burnt and used to generate electricity. These initiatives are reducing the costs to the business. However any positives are offset by the amount of waste that is being produced across the entire industry and at all the other Mars plants.Mars also worked to reduce the quantity of plastic in its packaging. The most recent issue that has affected the Mars bar has been the disastrous business decision to introduce the use of animal rennet as an ingredient in its chocolate the resulting backlash as dis cussed earlier not only from those with personal and lifestyle sensibilities but also from those with a social conscience with regard to the treatment of animals. This led to Master foods making a U turn on a business decision. The chocolate industry as a whole has been under a political and social spotlight as discussed earlier.Consumers are becoming more ethically certain and are questioning the practices of those associated with the production of cocoa. The industry was heavily criticised over the use of child slave labour. Master foods along with its two rivals Nestle and Cadbury do not perform well when examined for their ethical practices. Mars does not even feature on the league table of those products that are deemed ethical, although its fair to label that the ethical names on the list are not household names (www. ethiscore. org 2007).The Mars bar is not produced under a fair trade or ethical banner, thus depriving consumers of a choice. They have a choice they can buy Green and Blacks, or do without The market in ethical or fair-trade usually caters for the higher quality chocolates which are priced at a premium. With the continued affluent western lifestyle leading to chronic obesity and ill health there has been a drive to improve the nutritional value of food and to reduce the quantity of high fat and high sugar food groups such as chocolates in our diets.Some members of the health and nutrition lobby are looking for draconian steps to be taken against the chocolate manufacturers to reduce their bend upon diets in a similar way that steps were taken against the tobacco industry. The chocolate industry has received threats about the banning of advertisements aimed at children and at peak times and on childrens television bring. Pre-empting this, Mars has declared that they are moving away from targeting children with their product, a positive social action of their own (www. bbc. co. k 2007). Any reduction in the use of Cocoa will ultimately affect some 26 million people around the world who are reliant upon the chocolate industry, which includes some six million cocoa farmers (www. mars. com 2007). 2. 4. 4 Technological forces To improve cocoa production yields and to guarantee production levels for the future, Mars is investing in research to produce disease resistant cocoa trees to prevent such catastrophes such as the introduction of the disease Witches Broom which decimated the cocoa industry in Brazil in the 1990s.Should cocoa supplies be affected, the manufacturer with a guaranteed supply of good quality cocoa should corner the market at the expense of its competitors (www. mars. com 2007). 2. 4. 5 Political forces Should the lobbyists become successful in their campaigns to restrict advertising of chocolates or force changes to reduce fat and sugar content of chocolate, or to have health warnings arranged upon labels then this may not be through a voluntary code but through the introduction of legislation.This may denigrate chocolate and make it as socially unacceptable as cigarettes, which may have a profound effect on sales. The safe production of chocolate and how it is presented for sale is governed at present by food safety and trading standards legislation, which is enacted by both national and European legislatures. Nestle and Master Foods with its main brand the Mars bar received criticism for sourcing it chocolate from the West African countries such as Ivory Coast where the cocoa trade is being used to fund conflict to the tune of ? 0 million a year. The Ivory Coast provides some 40% of the worlds cocoa, since 2002 it has been torn away by civil war. The allegations are that the profit from cocoa has been at once siphoned into government funds and used to finance their conflict with the rebels. In addition the rebels extorted money directly from the industry trying to transport the cocoa through its region. Gentle pressure is being applied on Mars to identify how much of its p roduct contains cocoa from the Ivory Coast and strive to become free from Conflict Cocoa. Independent News and Media Ltd 2007). Sustainability and fair trade with regard to cocoa has become a political hot potato with the manufacturers of the Mars bar being criticized for employing tactics that puts cocoa farmers into virtual slavery, forcing them to turn more of their land over to production of cocoa rather than traditional arable farming and then making entire communities reliant on the cocoa market. The power of the global corporation can then manipulate the price of cocoa, ultimately depriving the producer of a fair price for the raw ingredient.The close association of the Mars bar as a product of the United States may cause some with a dislike of all things American to boycott the product however there does not seem to be any evidence that this has actually occurred. Due to the global use of the product and its association through manufacture and distribution with other countri es like the UK, it does not lend itself to being an exclusive American product such as is for the Hershey Bar.In the UK as in other nations where the Mars Bar is manufactured, there is some influence on the processes involved in its production by the legislative requirements of the host nation or other bodies such as the European Union. These relate in the main to food safety and trading standards legislation relating to the safety and standards that the Mars bar must meet in order to be sold to the consumer. belatedly this has being more influenced by legislation that relates to advertising, such as the advertising of the product to children.Due to the nature of free market economies, free markets and the established nature of the Mars Bar with its global distribution network it is not felt that the Mars bar is overly influenced by external political factors. 2. 4. 6 Cultural forces Thecultural environmentis made up of institutions and other forces that affect societys basic value s, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. Certain cultural characteristics can affect marketing decision-making. There was a real team spirit at Mars Chocolate, with a huge number of talented people all sharing the same goal of building on our longstanding reputation or world class products. Throughout, they made sure theres a business strategy in place that inspires, motivates, develops and engages. Working in a sustainable, ethical and people-focused way generates outstanding results and also produces high quality talent. Mars Chocolate has been a training institute for some of British industrys most successful leaders, from Justin King (now the Chief Executive of Sainsburys) to Allan Leighton (former Chairman of Royal Mail).Mars has books and football clubs, and as an addition to this, they have their own on-site wellness coordinator who helps associates to enjoy chocolate as part of a healthy active lifestyle with pilates classes, circuit training and sports clubs. 2. 5 Organ ization within the industry 2. 5. 1 Market Position Although there are different definitions of brand positioning, probably the most common is identifying a market niche for a brand, product or serve utilizing traditional marketing placement strategies. Mars Inc.Market Positioning is similar products on the state of aspiration in the target market for the customer of the products of certain characteristics or attributes importance for the enterprise products shaping strong, unique and distinctive personality and vivid delivery to the customer, to declare customer identification. The market positioning of the essence of the enterprise and other enterprises strictly separate, so that customers clearly feel and recognize this difference, and thus occupies a special place in the minds of customersFrom the slogan for Mars, we can see two points 1, Mars simply locate a business of chocolate, candy and pet food manufacturing-oriented enterprises 2, Mars also hoping to start a new busine ss. In fact, market positioning and product differentiation is closely related, but are essentially different. Market positioning is the humans of a distinct personality, their products and thus creates a unique market run into.A product is a comprehensive reflection of a number of factors, including the performance, structure, composition, packaging, shape, quality, market position is to strengthen or enlarge certain products of factors to form a different unique image. Product differentiation is the real market positioning means, but does not and the whole of market positioning. Market position is not only emphasis on product differentiation through product differentiation, but also to establish a unique market image, and win customer recognition. picDove, Mars classic chocolate brand, MADE WITH light speed% PURE COCOA BUTTER, DOVE Chocolate has an shake up scent, a glossy hue and a rich taste unsurpassed by other bars. Always silky smooth on the tongue with a complex flavor, each DOVE Chocolate product starts with only the best cacao beans, tested twice by expert Mars technicians for quality and flavor. The improve combination of chocolate liquor and cocoa butter, DOVE has a balanced taste that is never too sweet or too bitter. Because DOVE cares about every detail of the chocolate making process you are always assured of delicious, lingering chocolate flavor.Mars takes great care and maintains the highest standard of quality in manufacturing DOVE Chocolate from the bean to bar, coupled with its special roasting and grinding resulting in the signature silky smooth signature taste of DOVE Chocolate. ( Dove Chocolate, 2011) Chocolate consumers are more fashion crowd, is an important part of this population living. Chocolate as a special kind of nutritious food, in peoples daily lives, occupy a very important position. Therefore, the quality and taste of chocolate has become the first choice when consumers buy. Dove is the brand consumers are very famili ar with their products in the production of a blend of the base material with puffed cereal products, the LHV sugar body or fruit and vegetable products not only taste good, and its unit calorific value is lower 30% 60%, and quality assured, I believe this is also easier to meet our target customer choice. To meet consumer demand for chocolate while also addressing the consumers worry about health issues, this is the worlds chocolate companies cannot compete with the Dove brand and could win about it. . 5. 2 Target markets Target market analysis Industry Supportive & Unshakable Facts. For example drinks. (All information below attained from Slideshare, 2012) 2006 Sports Drink Industry Break down(p) $300 billion sales worldwide in 2005 Market increased 10% to 9. 71 million liters in 2005 North American accounted for roughly 49% consumption in 2005 Asia Pacific region accounted for a 38% share in global consumption in 2005 Japan ranked second to the U. S. t terms for per capita consumption, but China is assumed to overtake Japan as Asia Pacifics leading consumer by volume in year 2010 2003, Germany was the leading market for sports drinks in Western Europe follow by Italy then the U. K. This is only the Drink example and except other products to analyze the Mars share in the global world. Market Metrics Global functional drink volume (millions of liters) CATEGORY 2006 FORECAST 2011 SPORTS DRINKS 9,870. 6 13,301. 70 ENERGY DRINKS 2,429. 4 3,534. 10 ELIXRS 320. 7 366. 10TOTAL 12,620. 7 17,201. 9 (Source Eouromonitor International. 2007) Demographics The characteristics of this section are very crucial to properly segment the market and determine where these traits fall in a SWOT analysis. Furthermore, the following information breaks down the market. Psychographics Physical Activity Healthy Products Modern Supplement Relevant Merchandise Athletes Age from 5 to 50 Jr. High High School Collegiate Minor League Professional Hobby So from the target market there are two factors 1) the companys goal and resources 2) the marketing strategies power and segment.The Mars has the resources more another competitors and each of every product have complete Marketing strategies and plan. That is why Mars Company can be the top5 in the Foods Market in the worldwide. 2. 5. 3 The Marketing Mix (4Ps) 4Ps The marketer, E. Jerome McCarthy, proposed a 4 Ps classification in 1960, which has since been used by marketers throughout the world. Product A product is seen as an item that satisfies what a consumer needs or wants. It is a tangible good or an intangible service. Intangible products are service based like the tourism industry, the hotel industry and the financial industry.Tangible products are those that have an independent physical existence. Typical examples of mass-produced, tangible objects are the motor car and the disposable razor. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is a computer operating system Price The price is t he amount a customer pays for the product. The price is very important as it determines the companys profit and hence, survival. Adjusting the price has a profound impact on the marketing strategy, and depending on the price elasticity of the product, often it will affect the demand and sales as well.The marketer should set a price that complements the other elements of the marketing mix. Promotion represents all of the methods of communication that a marketer may use to provide information to different parties about the product. Promotion comprises elements such as advertising, public sexual relations, personal selling and sales promotion. Place refers to providing the product at a place which is convenient for consumers to access. Place is synonymous with distribution.Various strategies such as intensive distribution, selective distribution, exclusive distribution and franchising can be used by the marketer to complement the other aspects of the marketing mix. 2. 5. 3. 1 Prod uct Most of the products are popular and famous, Dove and M&Ms has big market share in the global and impact of in the world. 2. 5. 3. 2 Price Mars price the terminal operator to brand building as the ultimate goal. In the context of todays terminal winning times, product positioning is based on market demand, the Chinese market, for example, the MARSs major brands are both market and customer needs the road.For example in the Dooyoo website we can easy find the price about the MARS products, all the price are at 5$10$, the pricing strategies help Mars to be more positive in the competitions. pic Compare the different marketing, the price are follow the customers and the market, to position the price there are two big part to consider, the internal and external environmental, to think the outside factors the cultural, income, political, education ect. And the inside factors is the products self, the quality and packaging. That is all about the Mars Inc. . 5. 3. 3 Promotion Mars Choc olate North America launched several retailer promotions, Promotions and sponsorships include 1. Consumers and retailers will score big this season when Mars Brands and the NFL team up for the 2012 Super Bowl sweepstakes and instant-win game Celebrate on the Field. Consumers will have the chance to win one of 5,000 instant-win prizes a day from December 19, 2011, to February 5, 2012. 2. In January, Mars will showcase a Take Your Peanut Butter Pick cross-brand event featuring flavours from M&Ms, Snickers and Twix Brands.The Mixed Singles Shipper and Mixed Singles Counter Unit will encourage consumers to taste a variety of Mars brands. 3. Mars Chocolate North America is shifting its NASCAR sponsorship into high gear with a full year of Ms Makes fly the coop Day More Fun, giving M&Ms brand fans numerous opportunities to connect with the brand from January to November. 4. The sweepstakes promotion When We Win, You Win engages NASCAR fans by linking the victorious performance of the M s speed Team with chances to win great prizes, including new cars and instant-win prizes, from January to November. . Marathon brand will be the Official Energy Bar for the 2012 Rock n Roll Marathon Race Series, gaining brand exposure at 25 race events, reaching more than two million consumers. 6. Mras created a website as http//www. realchocolate. com in this website Mars claim that its the only company that use real cocoa butter not vegetable oil. In this website consumers can read about the history and processing of chocolate and if they register in website they can receive a free chocolate.Its a great point that Mars said in this website that For nearly 100 years, Mars Chocolate North America has been committed to producingreal chocolate. Mars Chocolate North America defines real chocolate as chocolate produced with cocoa butter per the U. S. Standards. The illustrated processing showed as below picpicpicpicpicpicpic 1. Cacao Tree 2. Cacao Pod 3. Raw Cacao Beans 4. Cacao Beans Drying 5. Cacao Beans 6. Fermentation 7. Cacao pulverisation 8. Chocolate Liquor 7.US confectionery giantMarshas launched a Chocolate Relief campaign in a bid to bring sweet smiles to millions of Americans. The Mars Real Chocolate Relief Act will offer consumers full-sized samples of Mars chocolate, product discounts and coupons along with Free Chocolate Fridays. Throughout September 2011, Mars gave away around seven million full-size packages of its M&Ms, Snickers, Milky Way, Twix, Dove, and 3 Musketeers chocolates in the US. Mars gave away a quarter-of-a- million full-size packages of real chocolate on Free Chocolate Fridays.US consumers can claim one of 250,000 full-value coupons each Friday from 8 May by visiting realchocolate. com. Brands like M&Ms, Snickers, Dove Chocolate, Twix, Milky Way and 3 Musketeers are loved by Americans, said Michele Kessler, vice president, Mars Snackfood US. Thats why weve created the Mars Real Chocolate Relief Act. Its our way of giving Americans a small treat during challenging times. (Aroq, 2012). 2. 5. 3. 4 Place As an example the distribution channels of china was discovered to have a big picture from the whole place policy in Mars Corporation.Mars has a unique approach to China it sells directly to the retailers without benefit of a vocalize venture or any other type of on-site business. M are sold directly to consumers in China through two different distribution channels the China National Duty Free Import Corporation for its airport duty-free shops and, more significantly, key local wholesalers for distribution to approximation stores in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. East Asiatic Company (of Hong Kong) has successfully developed a way to distribute the long-familiar U.S. chocolate product in the city. In the normal distribution system, retailers are used to having to go calling on the wholesaler to try and obtain the product and then figure out a way to transport it to the store. East Asiatic has turned this old practice on its head M wholesalers sell and transport their goods directly to the retailers. East Asiatic, a Hong Kong-based company has a distribution agreement with Mars for M candies in China. The candies are brought into Shanghai by the container-load from the U.S. or Australia or in smaller shipments via Hong Kong. East Asiatic then sells the chocolates to wholesalers/distributors in Shanghai. The wholesaler has five vans that deliver M throughout Shanghai, either to sub-wholesalers or retail outlets. The Hong Kong agent also has a van in the city. Painted with M advertisements, the vehicle serves as both an advertising and distribution medium. Choosing the right wholesalers and monitoring them closely are very important to the distribution efforts success.Besides having a warehouse for storing M&Ms properly, wholesalers must be committed to making frequent deliveries so that retail outlets receive fresh behave regularly. If a store has a quick turnover, a wholesaler should vi sit it once or twice a week if turnover is slower, visits may occur every 1 0 to 14 days. The company works with wholesalers to select sub-wholesalers and hires salespeople directly by running advertisements in Shanghai newspapers. The sales team visits retail outlets regularly to check displays, advertising, and inventory needs.It encourages store managers to put up M&M fliers and sometimes conducts taste tests or other promotions, like giving away trial packages of Skittles (another Mars candy) or balloons decorated with the M&M logo. Salespeople benefit from successful promotion work by earning performance bonuses in addition to their straight salary. The Hong Kong Company informally oversees and coordinates the entire distribution process-from wholesalers to sub-wholesalers to sales staff to retail outlets.It teaches all levels to sell M&Ms into the market, instead of waiting for the market to come to them, as is the traditional practice in China. Coordination is handled by the companys representative office in Shanghai, with personnel in Hong Kong visiting from time to time in order to deal with specific issues. To select the proper retail outlets, East Asiatic set out a list of criteria and commissioned a Hong Kong market research firm that had connections with a Shanghai research firm to help identify stores in selected sales districts.At present, the distribution effort primarily targets state-run stores. recompense terms normally require settlement within one to two weeks after delivery. The Hong Kong agent sells through some private entrepreneurs in Shanghai even though they are somewhat less credit-worthy than state stores, and hopes to expand this network gradually. The companys Shanghai distribution system went into effect in late 1989 and M&Ms are now widely available-both in large outlets and in roadside shops decorated with M&M fliers.A similar system went into effect in Beijing in 1991, boosted by a major advertising campaign in connection wi th the 1990 Asian Games. The firm also distributes M&Ms in Guangzhou, although the network there is not as developed. Other points in China are covered via these three cities. A major issue for the company has been a fight to protect its trademark rights. Other than that, customers seem to like the chocolate (Shanghainese in particular have a taste for Western sweets), even though domestically-produced chocolate is one-fifth the price of the import (Ernst R. 2008). In Malaysia Mars focused on chain supermarkets and malls and mega malls, they use these channels as high potential channels and send the products to the end user and although its risky that consumer has a lot of other choice from mars competitors, but because high brand awareness and cheaper marketing strategy they use this strategy for Malaysia. 2. 6 The strength and weaknesses of the Brand SWOT Analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process.Environmental f actors internal to the firm usually can be classified ad as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis (wiliams, 2008). The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. The below diagram shows how a SWOT analysis fits into an environmental scan Framework Environmental Scanning Internal Analysis External Analysis StrengthsWeaknesses OpportunitiesThreats SWOT asks questions in these four areas and try to answer them to have a big picture of company. 2. 6. 1Strengths 1.Strong demand for confectionery the market has grown consistently at around 5% every year for the last four years. So it will bring bloom to the confectionery mark et. People tend to use computers and video games or all in all they use their creative thinker more. Glucose is like the fuel for brain and chocolate is a relevant solution. People use chocolate more recently and its a power point for chocolate industries like mars. In Malaysia people like to eat sweat foods and snacks and even in some of their food they use sugar, Malaysia is a potential market for chocolate. Mars chocolates nearly can be seen in all malls and supermarkets in Malaysia. (Edward, 2012). 2. Good brand position and quality which is consumer favourites and High brand awareness.Mars is well-known among sportspeople that they use it as energetic meal and is well-known among children and families. The quality of products is elevated and its brand position is high. People know it as a famous and high standard brand. 3. Strong partnerships with retailers. Thats why we can see mars products in the majority of supermarkets and malls in Malaysia and all over the world. pic 4. Price kept that it should be in the range of every one purchase. Its a qualified brand with huge name but the price policy was designed in a way that different layers of society can buy and use it (Gudehus, 2009). 5. Stores are available in almost every market.Mars offers chocolate stores that are kind of brand shops in different countries that are powerful ways for connecting with concentration with customers. In Malaysia its not very common that is not under mars marketing strategies, but mars focus on huge malls, supermarkets and chain supermarkets like 101 and seven eleven. 6. More emphasis on sales promotion like surprise gifts and scheme cards. 7. Memorable Slogans. Like on to Unimaginable Heights, Go for the Max , Mars is Waiting (mars society, 2009). 8. Creative and simple advertising. That some of them are designed deeply for motivating people psychologically. 9. High Consumer Loyalty.Because nearly all children like chocolates and human pleasurable memories can be hardly f orgotten. The image of brand, its taste and good memory of it is recorded in humans deep conscious mind and people are loyal to what they like and admire. pic 10. drawing card in UK, Japan and South Africa. Being leader in Asian, European and African context show the multicultural and international face of brand that different races and culture like the taste of products. 11. Innovative chocolate producers. 12. High advertising budget. Because the company is really marketing oriented and work with modern strategies. 13. Great packaging. Designs of packaging have influential effects on consumers and motivate them to buy the products. 14.Sponsors global football teams like England football team that is a great sign for memory and memorizing Mars brand. 15. Mars Chocolate North America is the North American chocolate operations of Mars Inc. Based in McLean, Va. Mars has net sales of more than $30 billion and six business segments including Petcare, Chocolate, Wrigley, Food, Drinks and Symbioscience. 2. Weaknesses 1. Mars products causes health problems for consumers. Cocoa contains fairly high levels of the mineral copper, and too much copper can inhibit certain chemical processes in the body and lead to several kinds of health problems (burger, 2008). Dark chocolate contains the three elements of cocoa liquor or cocoa mass (cocoa cake), cocoa butter, and sugar.Cocoa butter is a fat that is found naturally in cocoa beans (burger, 2008). These elements according to medical research produce different kind of health problems if use to extreme. Its a weakness for Mars that chocolate products are not really under healthy products. 2. Dental problems by consuming Mars products. Dental problems are very expensive to cure. People have some phobias to eat chocolate like obesity, teeth problems and other health problems it can be a weakness point for mars that their products produce certain problems in future for consumers and specially children. Causing pain and expense f or consumers is not a good point for mars. 3. Mars has many different products in which it has to promote.Having different products show the product orientation in the company, but the problem is the variety of products that need to promote and develop and it cause too much expenditure for the company and can reduce the benefits. Mars brands include Chocolate Ms, Snickers, Dove, Galaxy, Mars, Milky Way and Twix Petcare Pedigree, Whiskas, Sheba, Cesar and Royal Canin Wrigley Orbit, Extra, Starburst, Doublemint and Skittles Food Uncle Bens, Dolmio, Ebly, Masterfoods and Seeds of Change Drinks Alterra Coffee Roasters, The Bright Tea Co. , Klix and Flavia and Symbioscience Seramis, Cirku and Cocoavia. 4. M is the number one selling candy in the chocolate market however this product steals most of the promotion and advertising money and its not really a balanced strategy. 5.Milky Way has a low sales percentage of Mars domestic market share Because of constantly changing campaigns, peopl e are not aware of Milky Ways positioning in the market. 6. Mars incorporated are not present online. According to the electronic era and the tendency of market to choose new engine room for business exchange among nearly the majority of society, its weakness for Mars incorporated that they are not present online. Finding information about this company and its product on the net is not very convenient. 7. Bad communication, Low market share, Weak management team are other weaknesses of Mars in the world market. 2. 6. 3 Opportunities 1.Universal demographic development and change is a continuous growth of the world population is an advantage for Mars because more products would be eaten by consumers. People have more tendency to eat candy, chocolate and fast foods in this era. 2. Having more focus on small countries, increasing personal relation even to villages. Heading to huge market share that is waiting for this brand, because in the entire world we can find children and familie s who are interested in the taste of chocolate and candy. 3. Increase the product range as Jellies, Toffees, Bars, Lollipops, Gums, Unsweetened baked chocolates for garnishing. Same content and in different forms can increase the market share. 4. 1% of households consume chocolate candy. Just mars need to remind them using chocolate regularly. Mars products are so familiar in the mind of people and if you offer people Mars products they wont reject it. They only need