Analysis of Saint Judas - 1594 Words

The analysis of James Wright’s Saint Judas Saint Judas was written by James Wright at the end of the 60s. Considering the format this poem can be regarded as a traditional Petrarchan sonnet with a rhyme of ababcdcdefgefg; however, the content of this poem and the way it was written is different. In this poem James Wright tried to mix the dramatic monologue with the Petrarchan sonnet, which is usually written in poet’s tone. Instead in this poem, the speaker is Judas: this enables the revealing of his thoughts and actions directly to the reader, so as to enhance his temperament and character. The first half of the sonnet starts with Judas’s intention to suicide:† When I went out to kill myself, I caught/ A pack of hoodlums beating†¦show more content†¦Readers are aware of this ambiguity. Here the heaviest flashback thoughts and the short-lasting issue set up a continuing contrast throughout the poem, which enchants its effect. Besides using certain rhythmic devices to create the fragrant timeli ne of the poem, James Wright also uses other rhythmic devices for different purposes. These details finally established a subtle rhyme scheme. For example, the only use of alliteration in the poem is third line’s â€Å"spare his suffering†, where the â€Å"suffering† seems to be really spared by its initial consonant sounds. In the thirteenth line, â€Å"flesh† and â€Å"flayed† connect the two sentences, enabling a much more smooth tone of the last sentence with a feeling of a tragedy ending. Some consonances are also interesting. Besides what have already been mentioned before, â€Å"victim beaten† in ninth line uses the â€Å"en† sound to imitate the stuffy voice of beating someone. Assonance is also used in the twelfth line â€Å" when I remembered bread my flesh had eaten†; â€Å" bread† here is used as a metaphor of Jesus, so along with this assonance, a relation ship between â€Å"bread† and â€Å"fleshâ €  is clearly shown. When talking about rhymes, what James Wright did also adds more subtlety to the poem. Usually in a sonnet a nice formatted rhyme is already enough; however, James Wright tried to add counterpoint relationship to end-rhymes, making the whole poem more complexShow MoreRelated An Analysis of Wright’s Poem Saint Judas Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesAn Analysis of Wright’s Poem Saint Judas      Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon reading the poem Saint Judas by James Wright, the reader quickly realizes that the poem deals with Judas Iscariot, one of Jesus twelve apostles.   The author describes Judas as going out to kill himself,(line 1) when he sees a man being beaten by a pack of hoodlums(2).   Judas quickly runs to help the man, forgetting how [his] day began(4).   He leaves his rope behind and, ignoring the soldiers around him, runs to help.   Finally, heRead MoreThe Nuns Priests Tale in the Canterbury Tales Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfifty lines before returning to the plot, which only allows the reader time to remember that the drama taking place on the page is merely barnyard drama, and therefore no more dramatic than the ordinary. Combined with comparisons of a wild fox to Judas Iscariot and the person responsible for the sacking of Tory, the interjections only make the stylized action of the plot even more laughable. The random lengths of inordinate detail serve much this same purpose. At seemingly indiscriminate timesRead MoreMona Lisa and Last Supper3080 Words   |  13 Pagesreactions to the news, with various degrees of anger and shock. From left to right: Bartholomew, James the Lesser and Andrew form a group of three, all are surprised. Andrew holds both of his hands up in a stop! gesture. Judas Iscariot, Peter and John form another group of three. Judas is in shadow, looking rather withdrawn and taken back by the sudden revelation of his plan. He is clutching a small bag of silver, given to him as payment to betray Jesus. Peter is holding a knife, which is pointed awayRead MoreCrucifixion And Resurrection At The Tomb And The Master Of Vyssi Brod s Crucifixion2306 Words   |  10 PagesCrucifixion and Resurrection Marys at the Tomb (Fig. 1) is the earliest to survive in an illuminated manuscript, and shows the Eastern form of the image at the time. There is a miniature of the Apostles choosing a new twelfth member (after the loss of Judas); this is not an event found in the Canonical Gospels (though it is mentioned in Chapter 1 of Acts) and is almost never seen in later art. The artist was trained in the classical illusionist tradition, and is a competent and practiced hand rather thanRead MoreThe Nature of Discipleship Essay example2397 Words   |  10 Pageshidden God can be seen in man and in the universe. Or, it can be the result [6] of systematized application and discipline on the part of the aspirant, producing a more rapid unfoldment of the power and life of the soul. In one analysis of discipleship, it has been defined as a psychic resolvent, which eats away all dross and leaves only the pure gold behind. It is a process of refining, of sublimation and of transmutation, carried steadily forward until at lengthRead MoreMarxism Within Blt5219 Words   |  21 PagesTheology of Liberation falls into a theological error when confessing that â€Å"(God) cannot be both for us and for the white oppressors at the same time.† If this is true than one may dare to say that Christ’s sacrifice on the cross was not intended for Judas nor Pilot, two major characters in Christ’s life who stood against his ministry. â€Å"Black theology sees and experiences the spirit of freedom clearly on the side of the African American poor,†[15] adds Hopkins in light of Cone’s declarations. Read MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pages Torture people to get them to confess and name accomplices Confessional devices/Torture devices Inquisitional Chair: Made of iron, spikes to pierce the skin and would heat as well Iron Spider: Hung from ceiling Cat’s Paw: Scratch individual Judas’ Cradle: Hoisted above stool and released on it Strappado: Individual left to hand, dropped just of ground Heretic’s Fork: Sharp device around neck, pierce neck and chin The Rack: Body elongate The Headcrusher; Tighten head Witchcraft in context

Art or Vandalism The acceptance of graffiti as an art form

I believe that Graffiti is most certainly a valid art form. The question as to whether any forms of graffiti can be considered art is a controversial area. Is it vandalism when it is placed on the side of a building or a car and art when it is on a canvas on someones wall or in a gallery- what is the difference? Graffiti, in its more complex forms, can be considered art because it clearly contains artistic elements, it communicates the artists expression to the viewer, and the traditional art community has already accepted it. The objective of this essay is to explain how graffiti art overcomes the concerns of illegality and vandalism and can be considered as a true art form. Graffiti has been around for a long time; its birth goes back†¦show more content†¦This form also takes much planning. Writers usually do a sketch beforehand, carefully outlining, drawing the characters, and inventing a color scheme (Stowers). When writers finish planning, they pick their choice of canvas and begin. A Piece or Production is created in steps. First, an outline of the sketch is done in a light color to get the feeling of how things will look on the large scale. Then, it is gone over adding color and background to the work. Different nozels are used on the spraypaint cans to create diverse effects. When everything is in place, crisp outlines are painted with the intent of having no drips. The clearness of a work signifies the artistic talent of the writer. The latter forms of graffiti style I have mentioned consist of fundamental artistic elements such as line, shape, color, and dimensions. The fact that more complex graffiti forms contain such elements is clear evidence that graffiti is a valid form of artistic expression. Many would argue that the placing of graffiti illegally on the streets makes it impossible to consider as art. I firmly believe that no matter where graffiti is placed, weather on the subway or art gallery it is a way of expressing oneself in an aesthetic and artistic manner. Rebellion is one explanation for why writers use graffiti. Graffiti cries out from places that would otherwise not be heard. It isShow MoreRelated Graffiti Essay948 Words   |  4 Pages GRAFFITI: A VISUAL DIALOUGE Graffiti: term applied to the arrangement of institutionally illicit marks in which there has been an attempt by an individual or group of individuals (usually not professional artists) to display upon a wall or surface that is usually visually accessible to the public. Even if one has never seen graffiti before, a negative image would probably pop into one’s mind after reading this definition. Graffiti is not only a work of art, it also includes the underground cultureRead MoreGraffiti: Art or Vandalism?2306 Words   |  10 PagesWhat do people think of when they see graffiti? Is it art, vandalism, or could it be both. Graffiti is a relatively new and developing art form that presents a lot of controversy due to its involvement of illegality. A lot of people see graffiti and instantly label it as vandalism and not an art form; however, by legal definition that’s not always the case. According to Oxford Dictionaries, art is defined as â€Å"The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination†¦producing works toRead MoreGraffiti: Art or Vandalism Essay1911 Words   |  8 PagesGraffiti: Art or Vandalism? Sam Cowey Graffiti has been around for more than half a decade and practiced worldwide. However there is debate between whether it is a form of art or vandalism. Graffiti artists’ debate that many do not understand the reason most graffiti artist take the risk of incarceration, fines, injuries, and in some cases death to paint a wall. A graffiti artist can have the simple desire to become recognized, or to create a piece that speaks to their audience as a form ofRead MoreResearch Paper3914 Words   |  16 Pages UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES Bo. Obrero St., Davao City 2008-2009 Thesis Statement: â€Å"Vandalism is an act which causes defacement in the surroundings and a crass erection of an eyesore.† In Partial Fulfillment of The Activity in English 2 Writing in Discipline Submitted to: Fe Aileen S. Paul Submitted by: Esrely Evangelista Laianne Formentera Joel Daniel Dedoroy Kurtney Ceà ±al Lyka Mae Coronas TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Background of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreStreet Arts : Street Art1940 Words   |  8 Pagessuch as guerilla art, urban art, or neo-graffiti, but it is ultimately known as street art. Street art is now becoming a very prominent way for artists to show their opinions of the world and politics, and also gives the artist a public place to show their talent. It may not be a very old form of art, but art of its kind is beginning to be recognized around the world. 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Most graffiti is characterized as vandalism on property that does not belong to the culprit. Graffiti also displays negative graphics that promote some type of vulgar message such as violence, sex, drugs, gangs, and racism. On the other hand, when the terms â€Å"street† and â€Å"art† come together, a blast of colorful creations upon blankRead MoreThe Golden Era of East Coast Hip-Hop2032 Words   |  9 Pagesemigrated to America (1967) from Jamaica bringing with him the already popular DJ style of break-beat mixing used in Jamaican Dub music. 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He further stated that despite the implementation of the pastoral policy in 2000, issues of indiscipline such as vandalism, truancy, substance abuse and general

Confrontation American Policy Toward China -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Confrontation American Policy Toward China? Answer: Introduction China is one of the largest economy around the world that possess 11.2 trillion US$ as its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is racing towards 15 trillion at a rapid speed (Feng et al. 2018). This economy has transformed itself into a versatile private sector based economy that ranks second in the world arena with respect to its GDP. Owing to its high growth rate, Tian et al. (2018) argues that the country possess high scope to become the world leader in future. The country was nowhere in during the 1970s, however it faced a massive growth in its goods and services since 1980 and it has transformed itself into a great exchange with strong governmental expenditure to become where it is now (Vietor and Thomason 2015). From the figure 1 (Annual GDP growth of China) it can be seen the country has faced high growth rate during 2006 to 2007 and the rate of annual GDP growth has reached 14% mark. During last two decade, average growth rate of china was 8% and most of the credit goes to market ce ntric reforms and opening up of the economy. Depending upon its export capability and reduced amount of import, Chinese economy has become largest exporter in the world that has almost 3.3 trillion dollars of foreign reserve. Among all the developing nations, this economy accumulated largest amount of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during 2010 to 2014 and fiscal policies acted as the stimuli for the Chinese economy. Coming to the other macro economic factors, from figure 2 (China economic condition), it can be envisaged that presently the country is facing GDP growth rate of 1.60% annually with an unemployment rate of 3.90% (Long, Chen and Park 2018). During 2016, the economy had faced the lowest amount of unemployment and it shows that the economy is growing at a regular rate. However, during 2004, unemployment level was as high as 4.3% due to unbalanced and unsustainable growth of the economy. Considering the average unemployment rate of 4.11percentage, it can be envisaged that economy is steadily growing. Coming to the inflation and interest rate of china, they are 1.80% and 4.35% respectively that indicates inflation rate is comparatively low in the country (Chow 2015). Government debt to GDP is 46.20% that highlights government has high amount of public debt, besides this country has accumulated 547 USD HML that makes it one of the stable country (Vietor and Thomason 2015). However, economy of the country has facing a loss in its growth rate and the boom in the economy are over. Annual growth rate has dropped from 14% to 1.60% and the government debt has grown over time leading to instability in the economy. Besides this, the economy has 4.35% of interest rate that fails to attract required amount of FDI (Foster and Tseng 2017). During 1970s china was one of a poorly developed nation that had only $20 billion foreign reserve and it lies within the poor income group country with a large amount of population who were unemployed. Within next ten years, the nation turned itself into the economic centre of the south-east Asia. By the end of 2000, the paradigm shift of the countrys economy has aided it to have $475 billion of foreign exchange that made it the second largest country in terms of FDI inflow (Hopewell 2015). Showing its great amount importance in the world market, 24th may on 2000, china got its permanent candidacy in the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which was the economic hub, which sets out the rules of international trade. Now, there are various perspectives regarding the conjugation of china into the WTO (Levy 2017). China was developing during 2000s at a rapid speed and the main factor for this high growth was electronic and audio parts industry. However, once China got into agreement with the WTO it was forced to reduce its tariff and import quotas. The country was facing disciplinary precautions in order to protect the interest of the foreign industries. Besides this, china had to withdraw restrictions on the sales of goods and services in order to facilitate the foreign nations. Superior quality of foreign products enhanced he imports of the country, reducing the foreign reserve (Blustein 2017). Moreover, opening up of china forced Chinese ailing industries to stop their business in front of strong world industry competition. Besides these drawbacks, there were various benefits too, that helped the Chinese economy to become the second largest economy of the world. During 2014, china has registered highest amount of international patent and it become the economic hub of the south-east Asia tha t has largest amount of trade surplus in the world (Cooper and Zhang 2018). Thus, it can be stated that integration of Chinese economy in WTO has helped the nation to become the second largest economy, on the other hand stagnation or inflation of the world economy also contribute to the slowing growth of china. Wen Jiabao was the premier of the Chinese republican government for the period of 2003 to 2013 and he is regarded as one of the leading participant that brought in the Beijings economic policy. According to him, country has grown rapidly depending upon the export based policies, which is not sustainable in nature. He argued in favour of internal consumption growth that will help the country to withstand against supply or demand side shock (Breslin 2016). Wen Jiabao mentioned various problems with regard to the Chinese economy, which are as follows (Lardy 2016): The economy is based on the export based system of growth, which makes the system unstable. Chinese economic growth is unsteady, uncoordinated, unsustainable and unbalanced in nature, which is not a long term economic formula for growth. Private consumption of Chinese GDP is falling gradually over time; from 45.3% of GDP during 2002 to 37.1% by 2012 and structural changes are much needed for the economy (Shambaugh 2016). Due to subprime mortgage crisis in the US economy, Chinese economy was struck hard back in 2008 and it was Wen Jiabao, who argued in favour of stimulus package from government that can put a hold on the reducing growth rate, with rising inflation and unemployment. According to the Wen Jiabao, this can happen with Chinese economy too, if it doesnt transform itself into a sustainable economy. Global recession caused the Chinese economy a fall in GDP growth and rise in inflation, unemployment leading to instability of the economy. New Normal confirmed by the Xi Jinping back in 2013 is a stimulus measurement for the deteriorating Chinese economy. Since 2002, there were rapid growth in the Chinese economy and it reached peak during 2006, when the GDP growth rate rose to the 14% level (Hu 2015). However, recession in the world market caused by the subprime mortgage lead the economy to face reduced economic growth. New Normal from the Chinese government is meant to enhance the economic performance of the country. According to the Xi Jinping, there is huge scope for the Chinese economy in order to bring in productivity and efficiency in the market. Rapid growth of china during 2006 was not sustainable in nature, thus Xi Jinping announced the New Normal reform, which is slower in nature, however it has the potential to make the Chinese economy sustainable with innovation and increase in private consumption (Powell and Smith 2016). This new reform proposed initiation of State-Owned Enterprise and increase the social security coverage along with liberalization of the Chinese financial markets. Besides this, New Normal is meant to bring in land reform, which will address the overcapacity and manage the control gap in the case f capital flows along with the exchange rate. New Normal is meant to provide china a sustainable growth that can withstand against any supply-side shock in long run. Implementation of this in the Chinese economy means, china will have much slower but balanced growth, where Chinese private consumption will grow besides other structural changes (Zhang and Chen 2017). However, one of the biggest issue in this regard is, whether New Normal the right policy for Chinese economy at this point and future growth of the country. After cannon balling the annual growth rate figures with 14% annual GDP growth rate, china is now growing at much slower rate of 6.9% annually (Wong 2016). During 2007, Wen Jiabao argued that, this rapid growth of china is leading the country towards an unsustainable economy. Thus, New Normal was introduced and it is meant to provide various reforms ranging from land to exchange rate reform, which will aid the country to have a better future prospect. Chinas main driving force for its rapid growth during 2006 was its investment and export based economic structure, however presently it is aimed to transform its structure to a more sustainable private consumption based structure with the New Normal (Luo 2017). It is aimed that the transition of the market will create more jobs and increases the monthly disposable income of the Chinese labours, proving the economy a boost to grow steadily in future. However, consolidation of power by the Xi Jinping is one of the issues that bother the smooth transition, because government intervention in the market has grown substantially since 2013 and if this continues, economists argue that it will lead the New Normal reform towards a failure. So, to conclude it can be said that, china at this moment certainly need New Normal to make it a sustainable economy. New Normal is one of the economic reforms of Chinese government, which is aimed to provide the Chinese economy a sustainable and stable growth. It was promised by the Xi jinping back in 2013 and since then there has been various changes in the Chinese economy to adapt the new system. Among many, Chinese government has brought in land reform and labour market reform program (Vietor and Thomason 2015). Besides this, XI Jinping has initiated programs to enforce law and order of the country and eliminated all those factors that come in the path of the new system. Along with this, Chinese president has named himself as the head of the foreign policy, overtook the secret police and police and brought in the internet oversight to control the proceeding of the New Normal in the country. Though this polarisation of power according to Kohar et al. (2017) is not good for the economy, however, from the Chinese perspective it is the ideal way to promote New Normal in the country. Relationship between china and US was never smooth and though these two nations are the permanent member of the UN Security Council, they often collide with each other if not in the battlefield but in the economic ground. Until 2015, these two countries traded goods and services of almost 650 billion dollars between them and with rising US China trade deficit, the relationship is now turning red (Gilboy 2016). Various issues have arise in front of the Trump government regarding china in recent days and US government need to check them if they want to remain the top exporter in the world. Three main economic challenges that Trump government is facing with china are as follows: Stock market and real estate bubble In order to address the chinas unstable growth back in 2006, Chinese government took reform programs that gave rise to the stock market and real estate prices. During 2008, bank lending got aggravated and price of the houses started to rise, whereas many project remained unfinished due to over capacity (Glaeser et al. 2017) It lead to fall in the price of the house by 2012 and real estate bubble started to rise once the government allowed foreigners to buy those properties. On the other hand, stock prices also got enhanced due to foreign investment in the Chinese housing projects, which were mainly originated from the US. It is leading the economy towards a Global Financial Crisis like situation and US government need to aware of that (Mera 2016). Currency manipulator China was the second largest exporter to the US and depending upon their large scale of operation in the US market, Chinese producers started to grow influence over the US labour and capital market. If, the trend continues, then it will bring in more Chinese workers to the US and make complete control over the US economy leading to instability in the countrys economy (Slaughter 2016). Aggressive export policy China has been living on the export based policy since 2003, and it becomes one of the largest exporters in the world that not only provides goods and services o the neighbouring nations, moreover shares a large amount of export to the western nations too. With aggressive export policy of the china, international trade of US gradually decreased during 2006 to 2013 (Stueck 2017). Situation becomes worse, when china US trade grown to 650 billion USD, where US imported 430 billion USD goods and services from the china. It hampered the balance of trade of US economy and leads the country towards a dampened export facility. If trump government wants to overcome this situation, then they need to strictly impose tariffs on the import of Chinese goods and services. Besides this, it would be better for the trump government to try export campaign ranging from western countries to the south-east Asian countries, where china enjoys monopoly as an exporter. China is a large exporter a famous for its cheap goods and services. Besides this, products from the Chinese companies are technologically upgraded and possess great value for money (Aksoy, Guriev and Treisman 2018). Thus for any brand, it is hard to compete with the Chinese goods and services. Keeping this in mind, being the CEO of a large American multinational company, performing market analysis would be the first step. Then, finding the weakness and strengths of the rival firms would be necessary and need to come up with those solutions, which can stand out among the others. China with their initiative, termed as Made in China 2025 is aimed to double up their biotechnology an aerospace industries that can give a crippling blow to the US companies (Butollo and Luthje 2017). Thus, in order to withstand against any kind of demand shock in future, being the CEO, it would be better to transform the firm in such a way that it can absorb those shocks. In order to do this, the firm need to invest more in their RD department and trace new strategies to compete with the Chinese firms. Reference: Aksoy, C.G., Guriev, S.M. and Treisman, D., 2018. Globalization, Government Popularity, and the Great Skill Divide. Blustein, P., 2017. China Inc. in the WTO Dock: Tales from a System under Fire. Breslin, S., 2016.China and the global political economy. Springer. Butollo, F. and Lthje, B., 2017. Made in China 2025: Intelligent Manufacturing and Work.The New Digital Workplace. How New Technologies Revolutionise Work, pp.42-61. Chow, G.C., 2015.China's economic transformation. John Wiley Sons. Cooper, A.F. and Zhang, Y., 2018. Chinese Leadership in the Evolution of Hub and Parallel Globally Oriented Institutions.Chinese Political Science Review,3(1), pp.28-47. Feng, J., Feng, L., Wang, J. and King, C.W., 2018. Modeling the point of use EROI and its implications for economic growth in China.Energy,144, pp.232-242. Foster, M.J. and Tseng, C.S., 2017. CHINA FDI BOOMS BUT PROBLEMS PERSIST.Journal of International Business and Economy,18(1), pp.70-100. Gilboy, G.J., 2016. The myth behind China's miracle. InSEEKING CHANGES: The Economic Development in Contemporary China(pp. 1-16). Glaeser, E., Huang, W., Ma, Y. and Shleifer, A., 2017. A real estate boom with Chinese Characteristics.Journal of Economic Perspectives,31(1), pp.93-116. Hopewell, K., 2015. Different paths to power: The rise of Brazil, India and China at the World Trade Organization.Review of International Political Economy,22(2), pp.311-338. Hu, A., 2015. Embracing Chinas new normalwhy the economy is still on track.Foreign Affairs,94(3), pp.8-12. Lardy, N.R., 2016. China: Toward a consumption-driven growth path. InSEEKING CHANGES: The Economic Development in Contemporary China(pp. 85-111). Levy, P.I., 2017. The Treatment of Chinese SOEs in China's WTO Protocol of Accession.World Trade Review,16(4), pp.635-653. Long, X., Chen, B. and Park, B., 2018. Effect of 2008's Beijing Olympic Games on environmental efficiency of 268 China's cities.Journal of Cleaner Production,172, pp.1423-1432. Luo, Y., 2017. Development of the foreign trade economy of china under the new normal context of global trade.AGRO FOOD INDUSTRY HI-TECH,28(1), pp.1651-1655. Mera, K., 2016.Asia's financial crisis and the role of real estate. Routledge. Powell, B. and Smith, T.L., 2016. The US Economy: The New Normal and an Unsustainable Future.The Independent Review,20(3), pp.369-375. Shambaugh, D., 2016. Contemplating China's future.The Washington Quarterly,39(3), pp.121-130. Slaughter, M.J., 2016. The Myths of Chinas Currency Manipulation.Wall Street Journal. Stueck Jr, W.W., 2017.The Road to Confrontation: American Policy toward China and Korea. UNC Press Books. Tian, X., Geng, Y., Sarkis, J. and Zhong, S., 2018. Trends and features of embodied flows associated with international trade based on bibliometric analysis.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,131, pp.148-157. V i e t o r, R. and th o m a s o n, H. (2015).China: The New Normal. 2nd ed. [ebook] Harvard Business School, pp.716-800. Available at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=51296 [Accessed 30 Jan. 2018]. Wong, A., 2016. Japanese Enterprises in China: Where to Go under New Normal Economy?.China's Foreign Trade,1, p.019. Zhang, J. and Chen, J., 2017. Introduction to Chinas new normal economy.

The Main Distinctions of Popular Culture and Its Growth

Introduction Such a phenomenon as popular culture is regarded by many scholars as a mass-marketed phenomenon that is essentially a product of capitalist development (Rhodes Westwood 2008, p. 7). Moreover, this concept often has negative connotations and it is often used as a reference to something rather primitive and populist. This paper will discuss the main distinctions of popular culture and its growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Distinctions of Popular Culture and Its Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This discussion will show various sides of popular culture and explain why it can be criticized and praised. Overall, it is possible to argue that popular culture can indeed be viewed as a mass-marketed phenomenon that appeals to the general public. Nevertheless, it should not be always associated with something superficial or commercial as many people do. In other words, this concept does not always have negative meanings. Moreover, this essay will show that sometimes it is rather difficult to draw a distinct line between popular and elite culture. This is the main idea that should be illustrated. Culture and popular culture To get a better understanding of this issue, one should first look at the definitions of culture and popular culture. These notions have frequently attracted the attention of many sociologists, anthropologists, and psychologists. Overall, the term culture can be defined as a system of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms and material objects that are shared or recognized by a certain group of people (Samovar, Porter McDaniel, 2008, p. 10). This definition may not be conclusive, but it shows that this term includes a large number of components. Moreover, it implies that different elements of culture have to be recognizable by members of a certain group. In turn, the definition of popular culture can be even more complex because while explaining it, one has to be free from prejudice against this phenomenon. As a rule, scholars regard it as a form of entertainment that is mass produced and appeals to a great number of people (Rhodes Westwood 2008, p. 7). Moreover, this term also encompasses attitudes, ideas, and perspectives that are recognizable and popular within in a certain group. These are the most typical characteristics that are normally attributed to popular culture. However, people often believe that this term has much more negative meanings. In particular, it denotes something unsophisticated and dumbed down.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, this term is often used when people speak about films, TV shows, books, and other works of art that are believed to be consumerist, superficial, or sensationalist. Admittedly, there are some works of art that deserve such criticism, for instance, soap operas or p ulp fiction. In the majority of cases, they are intended for people who do not want to take intellectual effort. One can hardly deny that they are oriented toward quick commercial success. However, these features are not typical of the entire popular culture. There are many cultural phenomena that belonged to the elite part of society for a long time. For instance, before the twentieth century only very well-to-do people could purchase or at least see the reproductions of paintings by Leonardo da Vinci or Raphael. Yet, nowadays, they have become a part of popular culture because practically every person can at least look at them with the help of Internet. To some degree, this example suggests that the boundaries between popular and elite culture are not always clear. These distinctions are often determined by technological and social development. On the basis of this discussion, it is possible to distinguish several characteristics of popular culture such as increased availability, mass production, recognizability, and appeal to a large number of people. It is possible to agree with an argument that popular culture may act as a commodity that is marketed to people throughout the world. However, it does not mean that this commodity always has negative qualities that are often attributed to it. For instance, one can mention works of famous writers or poets such as Shakespeare or Mark Twain. It is quite possible to say that their books are recognizable and even mass produced, but they are by no means consumerist or superficial. These examples show that from qualitative point of view, popular culture is very diverse, and people should not judge it by stereotypes. The main paradox of popular culture is that many of its critics may actually enjoy artistic works that are a part of it. Furthermore, one should not forget that the same phenomenon may be viewed as something very superficial or dumbed down by contemporaries, but with time passing, it can be incorporated i nto elite culture. For instance, jazz was frequently opposed to classical music by critics who believed that this musical genre was more appropriate for uneducated people of lower classes (Lopes, 2003, p. 11).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Distinctions of Popular Culture and Its Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yet, nowadays, it is recognized and appreciated by critics throughout the world. This case illustrates an idea that it is rather difficult to establish the boundaries of popular and high culture. Peoples’ attitudes toward works art are dynamic, and the division of art in popular or elite culture is rather conventional. It does not reflect the changes in public opinion and critical evaluation of art. This is one of its major limitations. The establishment and development of popular culture To elaborate this idea, one should look at the establishment and growth of popular culture. T hese questions give rise to different historical interpretations. Some researchers explain the rise of popular culture by the Industrial Revolution, and particularly the development of cinematography, radio, or sound recording (Edgar Sedgwikc 2002, p. 285). In other words, the establishment of popular culture was marked by the arrival of material objects such as musical recordings that can be reproduced on a massive scale. Thus, the origins of this phenomenon can be traced to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Additionally, sociologists agree that television and Internet contributed to the growth of popular culture. The thing is that that these inventions made books, paintings, music compositions, or films much more accessible to people. By applying this logic, one can even trace the origins of popular culture to the fifteenth century when printing was introduced in Europe. Overall, this approach to the establishment and rise of popular culture emphasizes mostly tec hnological development of society. Yet, one cannot argue that popular culture was always distinct from elite culture. The main difference lies in their availability, rather than quality. However, it is possible to provide a different explanation for the establishment of popular culture. In particular, one can speak about social differences between people and their opportunity to receive education. According to this hypothesis, at some point, some parts of society became separated from its elite, and the culture of elites became inaccessible to them because they lacked money or education (Edgar Sedgwikc 2002, p. 285). For instance, one can mention that during the Middle Ages, the majority of books were written in Latin which was not spoken by spoken by many people. Hence, they had to invent their own vernacular culture that was based on the own language. Such an approach may seem plausible, but it does not suggest that popular culture is always unintellectual or primitive.Advertisin g Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The thing is that nowadays people have access to a variety of cultural forms, but they do not always prefer only elite or high culture. Overall, this argument confirms the thesis that the main characteristics of popular culture are its recognizability and availability to the public. Yet, it is not appropriate to speak about qualitative dimensions of this phenomenon because it includes a large number of elements. Conclusion Thus, this discussion shows that popular culture can indeed be regarded as a mass-marketed phenomenon and a product of capitalism. However, it does not mean that this concept should be associated with something primitive. It simply denotes material objects or ideas that are available and recognizable by a large number of people. Its establishment and development can be explained by technological progress. Finally, one can say that the distinctions between popular and elite culture become blurred. This paper provided examples showing that elite culture can eventual ly transform in popular culture. Moreover, those things that are often labeled are as popular culture, can later appeal to the elite. Thus, people should very careful when they distinguish popular and high culture. Such distinctions are not always justified. Reference List Edgar, A. Sedgwikc P. (2002). Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge. Lopes, P. (2003). The 1950’s Cultural Revolution: Race, Music and the American Popular. Conference Papers — American Sociological Association, 1-20. Rhodes, C. Westwood, R. (2008). Critical Representations of Work and  Organization in Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. Samovar, L., Porter, R. McDaniel. (2008) Intercultural Communication: A Reader. New York: Cengage Learning. Storey, J. (2006). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction. Berkeley: Pearson Education. This essay on The Main Distinctions of Popular Culture and Its Growth was written and submitted by user Alaya Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.