Analysis of Saint Judas - 1594 Words

The analysis of James Wright’s Saint Judas Saint Judas was written by James Wright at the end of the 60s. Considering the format this poem can be regarded as a traditional Petrarchan sonnet with a rhyme of ababcdcdefgefg; however, the content of this poem and the way it was written is different. In this poem James Wright tried to mix the dramatic monologue with the Petrarchan sonnet, which is usually written in poet’s tone. Instead in this poem, the speaker is Judas: this enables the revealing of his thoughts and actions directly to the reader, so as to enhance his temperament and character. The first half of the sonnet starts with Judas’s intention to suicide:† When I went out to kill myself, I caught/ A pack of hoodlums beating†¦show more content†¦Readers are aware of this ambiguity. Here the heaviest flashback thoughts and the short-lasting issue set up a continuing contrast throughout the poem, which enchants its effect. Besides using certain rhythmic devices to create the fragrant timeli ne of the poem, James Wright also uses other rhythmic devices for different purposes. These details finally established a subtle rhyme scheme. For example, the only use of alliteration in the poem is third line’s â€Å"spare his suffering†, where the â€Å"suffering† seems to be really spared by its initial consonant sounds. In the thirteenth line, â€Å"flesh† and â€Å"flayed† connect the two sentences, enabling a much more smooth tone of the last sentence with a feeling of a tragedy ending. Some consonances are also interesting. Besides what have already been mentioned before, â€Å"victim beaten† in ninth line uses the â€Å"en† sound to imitate the stuffy voice of beating someone. Assonance is also used in the twelfth line â€Å" when I remembered bread my flesh had eaten†; â€Å" bread† here is used as a metaphor of Jesus, so along with this assonance, a relation ship between â€Å"bread† and â€Å"fleshâ €  is clearly shown. When talking about rhymes, what James Wright did also adds more subtlety to the poem. Usually in a sonnet a nice formatted rhyme is already enough; however, James Wright tried to add counterpoint relationship to end-rhymes, making the whole poem more complexShow MoreRelated An Analysis of Wright’s Poem Saint Judas Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesAn Analysis of Wright’s Poem Saint Judas      Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon reading the poem Saint Judas by James Wright, the reader quickly realizes that the poem deals with Judas Iscariot, one of Jesus twelve apostles.   The author describes Judas as going out to kill himself,(line 1) when he sees a man being beaten by a pack of hoodlums(2).   Judas quickly runs to help the man, forgetting how [his] day began(4).   He leaves his rope behind and, ignoring the soldiers around him, runs to help.   Finally, heRead MoreThe Nuns Priests Tale in the Canterbury Tales Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfifty lines before returning to the plot, which only allows the reader time to remember that the drama taking place on the page is merely barnyard drama, and therefore no more dramatic than the ordinary. Combined with comparisons of a wild fox to Judas Iscariot and the person responsible for the sacking of Tory, the interjections only make the stylized action of the plot even more laughable. The random lengths of inordinate detail serve much this same purpose. At seemingly indiscriminate timesRead MoreMona Lisa and Last Supper3080 Words   |  13 Pagesreactions to the news, with various degrees of anger and shock. From left to right: Bartholomew, James the Lesser and Andrew form a group of three, all are surprised. Andrew holds both of his hands up in a stop! gesture. Judas Iscariot, Peter and John form another group of three. Judas is in shadow, looking rather withdrawn and taken back by the sudden revelation of his plan. He is clutching a small bag of silver, given to him as payment to betray Jesus. Peter is holding a knife, which is pointed awayRead MoreCrucifixion And Resurrection At The Tomb And The Master Of Vyssi Brod s Crucifixion2306 Words   |  10 PagesCrucifixion and Resurrection Marys at the Tomb (Fig. 1) is the earliest to survive in an illuminated manuscript, and shows the Eastern form of the image at the time. There is a miniature of the Apostles choosing a new twelfth member (after the loss of Judas); this is not an event found in the Canonical Gospels (though it is mentioned in Chapter 1 of Acts) and is almost never seen in later art. The artist was trained in the classical illusionist tradition, and is a competent and practiced hand rather thanRead MoreThe Nature of Discipleship Essay example2397 Words   |  10 Pageshidden God can be seen in man and in the universe. Or, it can be the result [6] of systematized application and discipline on the part of the aspirant, producing a more rapid unfoldment of the power and life of the soul. In one analysis of discipleship, it has been defined as a psychic resolvent, which eats away all dross and leaves only the pure gold behind. It is a process of refining, of sublimation and of transmutation, carried steadily forward until at lengthRead MoreMarxism Within Blt5219 Words   |  21 PagesTheology of Liberation falls into a theological error when confessing that â€Å"(God) cannot be both for us and for the white oppressors at the same time.† If this is true than one may dare to say that Christ’s sacrifice on the cross was not intended for Judas nor Pilot, two major characters in Christ’s life who stood against his ministry. â€Å"Black theology sees and experiences the spirit of freedom clearly on the side of the African American poor,†[15] adds Hopkins in light of Cone’s declarations. Read MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pages Torture people to get them to confess and name accomplices Confessional devices/Torture devices Inquisitional Chair: Made of iron, spikes to pierce the skin and would heat as well Iron Spider: Hung from ceiling Cat’s Paw: Scratch individual Judas’ Cradle: Hoisted above stool and released on it Strappado: Individual left to hand, dropped just of ground Heretic’s Fork: Sharp device around neck, pierce neck and chin The Rack: Body elongate The Headcrusher; Tighten head Witchcraft in context

Art or Vandalism The acceptance of graffiti as an art form

I believe that Graffiti is most certainly a valid art form. The question as to whether any forms of graffiti can be considered art is a controversial area. Is it vandalism when it is placed on the side of a building or a car and art when it is on a canvas on someones wall or in a gallery- what is the difference? Graffiti, in its more complex forms, can be considered art because it clearly contains artistic elements, it communicates the artists expression to the viewer, and the traditional art community has already accepted it. The objective of this essay is to explain how graffiti art overcomes the concerns of illegality and vandalism and can be considered as a true art form. Graffiti has been around for a long time; its birth goes back†¦show more content†¦This form also takes much planning. Writers usually do a sketch beforehand, carefully outlining, drawing the characters, and inventing a color scheme (Stowers). When writers finish planning, they pick their choice of canvas and begin. A Piece or Production is created in steps. First, an outline of the sketch is done in a light color to get the feeling of how things will look on the large scale. Then, it is gone over adding color and background to the work. Different nozels are used on the spraypaint cans to create diverse effects. When everything is in place, crisp outlines are painted with the intent of having no drips. The clearness of a work signifies the artistic talent of the writer. The latter forms of graffiti style I have mentioned consist of fundamental artistic elements such as line, shape, color, and dimensions. The fact that more complex graffiti forms contain such elements is clear evidence that graffiti is a valid form of artistic expression. Many would argue that the placing of graffiti illegally on the streets makes it impossible to consider as art. I firmly believe that no matter where graffiti is placed, weather on the subway or art gallery it is a way of expressing oneself in an aesthetic and artistic manner. Rebellion is one explanation for why writers use graffiti. Graffiti cries out from places that would otherwise not be heard. It isShow MoreRelated Graffiti Essay948 Words   |  4 Pages GRAFFITI: A VISUAL DIALOUGE Graffiti: term applied to the arrangement of institutionally illicit marks in which there has been an attempt by an individual or group of individuals (usually not professional artists) to display upon a wall or surface that is usually visually accessible to the public. Even if one has never seen graffiti before, a negative image would probably pop into one’s mind after reading this definition. Graffiti is not only a work of art, it also includes the underground cultureRead MoreGraffiti: Art or Vandalism?2306 Words   |  10 PagesWhat do people think of when they see graffiti? Is it art, vandalism, or could it be both. Graffiti is a relatively new and developing art form that presents a lot of controversy due to its involvement of illegality. A lot of people see graffiti and instantly label it as vandalism and not an art form; however, by legal definition that’s not always the case. According to Oxford Dictionaries, art is defined as â€Å"The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination†¦producing works toRead MoreGraffiti: Art or Vandalism Essay1911 Words   |  8 PagesGraffiti: Art or Vandalism? Sam Cowey Graffiti has been around for more than half a decade and practiced worldwide. However there is debate between whether it is a form of art or vandalism. Graffiti artists’ debate that many do not understand the reason most graffiti artist take the risk of incarceration, fines, injuries, and in some cases death to paint a wall. A graffiti artist can have the simple desire to become recognized, or to create a piece that speaks to their audience as a form ofRead MoreResearch Paper3914 Words   |  16 Pages UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES Bo. Obrero St., Davao City 2008-2009 Thesis Statement: â€Å"Vandalism is an act which causes defacement in the surroundings and a crass erection of an eyesore.† In Partial Fulfillment of The Activity in English 2 Writing in Discipline Submitted to: Fe Aileen S. Paul Submitted by: Esrely Evangelista Laianne Formentera Joel Daniel Dedoroy Kurtney Ceà ±al Lyka Mae Coronas TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Background of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreStreet Arts : Street Art1940 Words   |  8 Pagessuch as guerilla art, urban art, or neo-graffiti, but it is ultimately known as street art. Street art is now becoming a very prominent way for artists to show their opinions of the world and politics, and also gives the artist a public place to show their talent. It may not be a very old form of art, but art of its kind is beginning to be recognized around the world. 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Most graffiti is characterized as vandalism on property that does not belong to the culprit. Graffiti also displays negative graphics that promote some type of vulgar message such as violence, sex, drugs, gangs, and racism. On the other hand, when the terms â€Å"street† and â€Å"art† come together, a blast of colorful creations upon blankRead MoreThe Golden Era of East Coast Hip-Hop2032 Words   |  9 Pagesemigrated to America (1967) from Jamaica bringing with him the already popular DJ style of break-beat mixing used in Jamaican Dub music. 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He further stated that despite the implementation of the pastoral policy in 2000, issues of indiscipline such as vandalism, truancy, substance abuse and general

Confrontation American Policy Toward China -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Confrontation American Policy Toward China? Answer: Introduction China is one of the largest economy around the world that possess 11.2 trillion US$ as its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is racing towards 15 trillion at a rapid speed (Feng et al. 2018). This economy has transformed itself into a versatile private sector based economy that ranks second in the world arena with respect to its GDP. Owing to its high growth rate, Tian et al. (2018) argues that the country possess high scope to become the world leader in future. The country was nowhere in during the 1970s, however it faced a massive growth in its goods and services since 1980 and it has transformed itself into a great exchange with strong governmental expenditure to become where it is now (Vietor and Thomason 2015). From the figure 1 (Annual GDP growth of China) it can be seen the country has faced high growth rate during 2006 to 2007 and the rate of annual GDP growth has reached 14% mark. During last two decade, average growth rate of china was 8% and most of the credit goes to market ce ntric reforms and opening up of the economy. Depending upon its export capability and reduced amount of import, Chinese economy has become largest exporter in the world that has almost 3.3 trillion dollars of foreign reserve. Among all the developing nations, this economy accumulated largest amount of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during 2010 to 2014 and fiscal policies acted as the stimuli for the Chinese economy. Coming to the other macro economic factors, from figure 2 (China economic condition), it can be envisaged that presently the country is facing GDP growth rate of 1.60% annually with an unemployment rate of 3.90% (Long, Chen and Park 2018). During 2016, the economy had faced the lowest amount of unemployment and it shows that the economy is growing at a regular rate. However, during 2004, unemployment level was as high as 4.3% due to unbalanced and unsustainable growth of the economy. Considering the average unemployment rate of 4.11percentage, it can be envisaged that economy is steadily growing. Coming to the inflation and interest rate of china, they are 1.80% and 4.35% respectively that indicates inflation rate is comparatively low in the country (Chow 2015). Government debt to GDP is 46.20% that highlights government has high amount of public debt, besides this country has accumulated 547 USD HML that makes it one of the stable country (Vietor and Thomason 2015). However, economy of the country has facing a loss in its growth rate and the boom in the economy are over. Annual growth rate has dropped from 14% to 1.60% and the government debt has grown over time leading to instability in the economy. Besides this, the economy has 4.35% of interest rate that fails to attract required amount of FDI (Foster and Tseng 2017). During 1970s china was one of a poorly developed nation that had only $20 billion foreign reserve and it lies within the poor income group country with a large amount of population who were unemployed. Within next ten years, the nation turned itself into the economic centre of the south-east Asia. By the end of 2000, the paradigm shift of the countrys economy has aided it to have $475 billion of foreign exchange that made it the second largest country in terms of FDI inflow (Hopewell 2015). Showing its great amount importance in the world market, 24th may on 2000, china got its permanent candidacy in the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which was the economic hub, which sets out the rules of international trade. Now, there are various perspectives regarding the conjugation of china into the WTO (Levy 2017). China was developing during 2000s at a rapid speed and the main factor for this high growth was electronic and audio parts industry. However, once China got into agreement with the WTO it was forced to reduce its tariff and import quotas. The country was facing disciplinary precautions in order to protect the interest of the foreign industries. Besides this, china had to withdraw restrictions on the sales of goods and services in order to facilitate the foreign nations. Superior quality of foreign products enhanced he imports of the country, reducing the foreign reserve (Blustein 2017). Moreover, opening up of china forced Chinese ailing industries to stop their business in front of strong world industry competition. Besides these drawbacks, there were various benefits too, that helped the Chinese economy to become the second largest economy of the world. During 2014, china has registered highest amount of international patent and it become the economic hub of the south-east Asia tha t has largest amount of trade surplus in the world (Cooper and Zhang 2018). Thus, it can be stated that integration of Chinese economy in WTO has helped the nation to become the second largest economy, on the other hand stagnation or inflation of the world economy also contribute to the slowing growth of china. Wen Jiabao was the premier of the Chinese republican government for the period of 2003 to 2013 and he is regarded as one of the leading participant that brought in the Beijings economic policy. According to him, country has grown rapidly depending upon the export based policies, which is not sustainable in nature. He argued in favour of internal consumption growth that will help the country to withstand against supply or demand side shock (Breslin 2016). Wen Jiabao mentioned various problems with regard to the Chinese economy, which are as follows (Lardy 2016): The economy is based on the export based system of growth, which makes the system unstable. Chinese economic growth is unsteady, uncoordinated, unsustainable and unbalanced in nature, which is not a long term economic formula for growth. Private consumption of Chinese GDP is falling gradually over time; from 45.3% of GDP during 2002 to 37.1% by 2012 and structural changes are much needed for the economy (Shambaugh 2016). Due to subprime mortgage crisis in the US economy, Chinese economy was struck hard back in 2008 and it was Wen Jiabao, who argued in favour of stimulus package from government that can put a hold on the reducing growth rate, with rising inflation and unemployment. According to the Wen Jiabao, this can happen with Chinese economy too, if it doesnt transform itself into a sustainable economy. Global recession caused the Chinese economy a fall in GDP growth and rise in inflation, unemployment leading to instability of the economy. New Normal confirmed by the Xi Jinping back in 2013 is a stimulus measurement for the deteriorating Chinese economy. Since 2002, there were rapid growth in the Chinese economy and it reached peak during 2006, when the GDP growth rate rose to the 14% level (Hu 2015). However, recession in the world market caused by the subprime mortgage lead the economy to face reduced economic growth. New Normal from the Chinese government is meant to enhance the economic performance of the country. According to the Xi Jinping, there is huge scope for the Chinese economy in order to bring in productivity and efficiency in the market. Rapid growth of china during 2006 was not sustainable in nature, thus Xi Jinping announced the New Normal reform, which is slower in nature, however it has the potential to make the Chinese economy sustainable with innovation and increase in private consumption (Powell and Smith 2016). This new reform proposed initiation of State-Owned Enterprise and increase the social security coverage along with liberalization of the Chinese financial markets. Besides this, New Normal is meant to bring in land reform, which will address the overcapacity and manage the control gap in the case f capital flows along with the exchange rate. New Normal is meant to provide china a sustainable growth that can withstand against any supply-side shock in long run. Implementation of this in the Chinese economy means, china will have much slower but balanced growth, where Chinese private consumption will grow besides other structural changes (Zhang and Chen 2017). However, one of the biggest issue in this regard is, whether New Normal the right policy for Chinese economy at this point and future growth of the country. After cannon balling the annual growth rate figures with 14% annual GDP growth rate, china is now growing at much slower rate of 6.9% annually (Wong 2016). During 2007, Wen Jiabao argued that, this rapid growth of china is leading the country towards an unsustainable economy. Thus, New Normal was introduced and it is meant to provide various reforms ranging from land to exchange rate reform, which will aid the country to have a better future prospect. Chinas main driving force for its rapid growth during 2006 was its investment and export based economic structure, however presently it is aimed to transform its structure to a more sustainable private consumption based structure with the New Normal (Luo 2017). It is aimed that the transition of the market will create more jobs and increases the monthly disposable income of the Chinese labours, proving the economy a boost to grow steadily in future. However, consolidation of power by the Xi Jinping is one of the issues that bother the smooth transition, because government intervention in the market has grown substantially since 2013 and if this continues, economists argue that it will lead the New Normal reform towards a failure. So, to conclude it can be said that, china at this moment certainly need New Normal to make it a sustainable economy. New Normal is one of the economic reforms of Chinese government, which is aimed to provide the Chinese economy a sustainable and stable growth. It was promised by the Xi jinping back in 2013 and since then there has been various changes in the Chinese economy to adapt the new system. Among many, Chinese government has brought in land reform and labour market reform program (Vietor and Thomason 2015). Besides this, XI Jinping has initiated programs to enforce law and order of the country and eliminated all those factors that come in the path of the new system. Along with this, Chinese president has named himself as the head of the foreign policy, overtook the secret police and police and brought in the internet oversight to control the proceeding of the New Normal in the country. Though this polarisation of power according to Kohar et al. (2017) is not good for the economy, however, from the Chinese perspective it is the ideal way to promote New Normal in the country. Relationship between china and US was never smooth and though these two nations are the permanent member of the UN Security Council, they often collide with each other if not in the battlefield but in the economic ground. Until 2015, these two countries traded goods and services of almost 650 billion dollars between them and with rising US China trade deficit, the relationship is now turning red (Gilboy 2016). Various issues have arise in front of the Trump government regarding china in recent days and US government need to check them if they want to remain the top exporter in the world. Three main economic challenges that Trump government is facing with china are as follows: Stock market and real estate bubble In order to address the chinas unstable growth back in 2006, Chinese government took reform programs that gave rise to the stock market and real estate prices. During 2008, bank lending got aggravated and price of the houses started to rise, whereas many project remained unfinished due to over capacity (Glaeser et al. 2017) It lead to fall in the price of the house by 2012 and real estate bubble started to rise once the government allowed foreigners to buy those properties. On the other hand, stock prices also got enhanced due to foreign investment in the Chinese housing projects, which were mainly originated from the US. It is leading the economy towards a Global Financial Crisis like situation and US government need to aware of that (Mera 2016). Currency manipulator China was the second largest exporter to the US and depending upon their large scale of operation in the US market, Chinese producers started to grow influence over the US labour and capital market. If, the trend continues, then it will bring in more Chinese workers to the US and make complete control over the US economy leading to instability in the countrys economy (Slaughter 2016). Aggressive export policy China has been living on the export based policy since 2003, and it becomes one of the largest exporters in the world that not only provides goods and services o the neighbouring nations, moreover shares a large amount of export to the western nations too. With aggressive export policy of the china, international trade of US gradually decreased during 2006 to 2013 (Stueck 2017). Situation becomes worse, when china US trade grown to 650 billion USD, where US imported 430 billion USD goods and services from the china. It hampered the balance of trade of US economy and leads the country towards a dampened export facility. If trump government wants to overcome this situation, then they need to strictly impose tariffs on the import of Chinese goods and services. Besides this, it would be better for the trump government to try export campaign ranging from western countries to the south-east Asian countries, where china enjoys monopoly as an exporter. China is a large exporter a famous for its cheap goods and services. Besides this, products from the Chinese companies are technologically upgraded and possess great value for money (Aksoy, Guriev and Treisman 2018). Thus for any brand, it is hard to compete with the Chinese goods and services. Keeping this in mind, being the CEO of a large American multinational company, performing market analysis would be the first step. Then, finding the weakness and strengths of the rival firms would be necessary and need to come up with those solutions, which can stand out among the others. China with their initiative, termed as Made in China 2025 is aimed to double up their biotechnology an aerospace industries that can give a crippling blow to the US companies (Butollo and Luthje 2017). Thus, in order to withstand against any kind of demand shock in future, being the CEO, it would be better to transform the firm in such a way that it can absorb those shocks. In order to do this, the firm need to invest more in their RD department and trace new strategies to compete with the Chinese firms. Reference: Aksoy, C.G., Guriev, S.M. and Treisman, D., 2018. Globalization, Government Popularity, and the Great Skill Divide. Blustein, P., 2017. China Inc. in the WTO Dock: Tales from a System under Fire. Breslin, S., 2016.China and the global political economy. Springer. Butollo, F. and Lthje, B., 2017. Made in China 2025: Intelligent Manufacturing and Work.The New Digital Workplace. How New Technologies Revolutionise Work, pp.42-61. Chow, G.C., 2015.China's economic transformation. John Wiley Sons. Cooper, A.F. and Zhang, Y., 2018. Chinese Leadership in the Evolution of Hub and Parallel Globally Oriented Institutions.Chinese Political Science Review,3(1), pp.28-47. Feng, J., Feng, L., Wang, J. and King, C.W., 2018. Modeling the point of use EROI and its implications for economic growth in China.Energy,144, pp.232-242. Foster, M.J. and Tseng, C.S., 2017. CHINA FDI BOOMS BUT PROBLEMS PERSIST.Journal of International Business and Economy,18(1), pp.70-100. Gilboy, G.J., 2016. The myth behind China's miracle. InSEEKING CHANGES: The Economic Development in Contemporary China(pp. 1-16). Glaeser, E., Huang, W., Ma, Y. and Shleifer, A., 2017. A real estate boom with Chinese Characteristics.Journal of Economic Perspectives,31(1), pp.93-116. Hopewell, K., 2015. Different paths to power: The rise of Brazil, India and China at the World Trade Organization.Review of International Political Economy,22(2), pp.311-338. Hu, A., 2015. Embracing Chinas new normalwhy the economy is still on track.Foreign Affairs,94(3), pp.8-12. Lardy, N.R., 2016. China: Toward a consumption-driven growth path. InSEEKING CHANGES: The Economic Development in Contemporary China(pp. 85-111). Levy, P.I., 2017. The Treatment of Chinese SOEs in China's WTO Protocol of Accession.World Trade Review,16(4), pp.635-653. Long, X., Chen, B. and Park, B., 2018. Effect of 2008's Beijing Olympic Games on environmental efficiency of 268 China's cities.Journal of Cleaner Production,172, pp.1423-1432. Luo, Y., 2017. Development of the foreign trade economy of china under the new normal context of global trade.AGRO FOOD INDUSTRY HI-TECH,28(1), pp.1651-1655. Mera, K., 2016.Asia's financial crisis and the role of real estate. Routledge. Powell, B. and Smith, T.L., 2016. The US Economy: The New Normal and an Unsustainable Future.The Independent Review,20(3), pp.369-375. Shambaugh, D., 2016. Contemplating China's future.The Washington Quarterly,39(3), pp.121-130. Slaughter, M.J., 2016. The Myths of Chinas Currency Manipulation.Wall Street Journal. Stueck Jr, W.W., 2017.The Road to Confrontation: American Policy toward China and Korea. UNC Press Books. Tian, X., Geng, Y., Sarkis, J. and Zhong, S., 2018. Trends and features of embodied flows associated with international trade based on bibliometric analysis.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,131, pp.148-157. V i e t o r, R. and th o m a s o n, H. (2015).China: The New Normal. 2nd ed. [ebook] Harvard Business School, pp.716-800. Available at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=51296 [Accessed 30 Jan. 2018]. Wong, A., 2016. Japanese Enterprises in China: Where to Go under New Normal Economy?.China's Foreign Trade,1, p.019. Zhang, J. and Chen, J., 2017. Introduction to Chinas new normal economy.

The Main Distinctions of Popular Culture and Its Growth

Introduction Such a phenomenon as popular culture is regarded by many scholars as a mass-marketed phenomenon that is essentially a product of capitalist development (Rhodes Westwood 2008, p. 7). Moreover, this concept often has negative connotations and it is often used as a reference to something rather primitive and populist. This paper will discuss the main distinctions of popular culture and its growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Distinctions of Popular Culture and Its Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This discussion will show various sides of popular culture and explain why it can be criticized and praised. Overall, it is possible to argue that popular culture can indeed be viewed as a mass-marketed phenomenon that appeals to the general public. Nevertheless, it should not be always associated with something superficial or commercial as many people do. In other words, this concept does not always have negative meanings. Moreover, this essay will show that sometimes it is rather difficult to draw a distinct line between popular and elite culture. This is the main idea that should be illustrated. Culture and popular culture To get a better understanding of this issue, one should first look at the definitions of culture and popular culture. These notions have frequently attracted the attention of many sociologists, anthropologists, and psychologists. Overall, the term culture can be defined as a system of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms and material objects that are shared or recognized by a certain group of people (Samovar, Porter McDaniel, 2008, p. 10). This definition may not be conclusive, but it shows that this term includes a large number of components. Moreover, it implies that different elements of culture have to be recognizable by members of a certain group. In turn, the definition of popular culture can be even more complex because while explaining it, one has to be free from prejudice against this phenomenon. As a rule, scholars regard it as a form of entertainment that is mass produced and appeals to a great number of people (Rhodes Westwood 2008, p. 7). Moreover, this term also encompasses attitudes, ideas, and perspectives that are recognizable and popular within in a certain group. These are the most typical characteristics that are normally attributed to popular culture. However, people often believe that this term has much more negative meanings. In particular, it denotes something unsophisticated and dumbed down.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, this term is often used when people speak about films, TV shows, books, and other works of art that are believed to be consumerist, superficial, or sensationalist. Admittedly, there are some works of art that deserve such criticism, for instance, soap operas or p ulp fiction. In the majority of cases, they are intended for people who do not want to take intellectual effort. One can hardly deny that they are oriented toward quick commercial success. However, these features are not typical of the entire popular culture. There are many cultural phenomena that belonged to the elite part of society for a long time. For instance, before the twentieth century only very well-to-do people could purchase or at least see the reproductions of paintings by Leonardo da Vinci or Raphael. Yet, nowadays, they have become a part of popular culture because practically every person can at least look at them with the help of Internet. To some degree, this example suggests that the boundaries between popular and elite culture are not always clear. These distinctions are often determined by technological and social development. On the basis of this discussion, it is possible to distinguish several characteristics of popular culture such as increased availability, mass production, recognizability, and appeal to a large number of people. It is possible to agree with an argument that popular culture may act as a commodity that is marketed to people throughout the world. However, it does not mean that this commodity always has negative qualities that are often attributed to it. For instance, one can mention works of famous writers or poets such as Shakespeare or Mark Twain. It is quite possible to say that their books are recognizable and even mass produced, but they are by no means consumerist or superficial. These examples show that from qualitative point of view, popular culture is very diverse, and people should not judge it by stereotypes. The main paradox of popular culture is that many of its critics may actually enjoy artistic works that are a part of it. Furthermore, one should not forget that the same phenomenon may be viewed as something very superficial or dumbed down by contemporaries, but with time passing, it can be incorporated i nto elite culture. For instance, jazz was frequently opposed to classical music by critics who believed that this musical genre was more appropriate for uneducated people of lower classes (Lopes, 2003, p. 11).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Distinctions of Popular Culture and Its Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yet, nowadays, it is recognized and appreciated by critics throughout the world. This case illustrates an idea that it is rather difficult to establish the boundaries of popular and high culture. Peoples’ attitudes toward works art are dynamic, and the division of art in popular or elite culture is rather conventional. It does not reflect the changes in public opinion and critical evaluation of art. This is one of its major limitations. The establishment and development of popular culture To elaborate this idea, one should look at the establishment and growth of popular culture. T hese questions give rise to different historical interpretations. Some researchers explain the rise of popular culture by the Industrial Revolution, and particularly the development of cinematography, radio, or sound recording (Edgar Sedgwikc 2002, p. 285). In other words, the establishment of popular culture was marked by the arrival of material objects such as musical recordings that can be reproduced on a massive scale. Thus, the origins of this phenomenon can be traced to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Additionally, sociologists agree that television and Internet contributed to the growth of popular culture. The thing is that that these inventions made books, paintings, music compositions, or films much more accessible to people. By applying this logic, one can even trace the origins of popular culture to the fifteenth century when printing was introduced in Europe. Overall, this approach to the establishment and rise of popular culture emphasizes mostly tec hnological development of society. Yet, one cannot argue that popular culture was always distinct from elite culture. The main difference lies in their availability, rather than quality. However, it is possible to provide a different explanation for the establishment of popular culture. In particular, one can speak about social differences between people and their opportunity to receive education. According to this hypothesis, at some point, some parts of society became separated from its elite, and the culture of elites became inaccessible to them because they lacked money or education (Edgar Sedgwikc 2002, p. 285). For instance, one can mention that during the Middle Ages, the majority of books were written in Latin which was not spoken by spoken by many people. Hence, they had to invent their own vernacular culture that was based on the own language. Such an approach may seem plausible, but it does not suggest that popular culture is always unintellectual or primitive.Advertisin g Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The thing is that nowadays people have access to a variety of cultural forms, but they do not always prefer only elite or high culture. Overall, this argument confirms the thesis that the main characteristics of popular culture are its recognizability and availability to the public. Yet, it is not appropriate to speak about qualitative dimensions of this phenomenon because it includes a large number of elements. Conclusion Thus, this discussion shows that popular culture can indeed be regarded as a mass-marketed phenomenon and a product of capitalism. However, it does not mean that this concept should be associated with something primitive. It simply denotes material objects or ideas that are available and recognizable by a large number of people. Its establishment and development can be explained by technological progress. Finally, one can say that the distinctions between popular and elite culture become blurred. This paper provided examples showing that elite culture can eventual ly transform in popular culture. Moreover, those things that are often labeled are as popular culture, can later appeal to the elite. Thus, people should very careful when they distinguish popular and high culture. Such distinctions are not always justified. Reference List Edgar, A. Sedgwikc P. (2002). Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge. Lopes, P. (2003). The 1950’s Cultural Revolution: Race, Music and the American Popular. Conference Papers — American Sociological Association, 1-20. Rhodes, C. Westwood, R. (2008). Critical Representations of Work and  Organization in Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. Samovar, L., Porter, R. McDaniel. (2008) Intercultural Communication: A Reader. New York: Cengage Learning. Storey, J. (2006). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction. Berkeley: Pearson Education. This essay on The Main Distinctions of Popular Culture and Its Growth was written and submitted by user Alaya Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Goldilocks Marketing Strategy Essay Example

Goldilocks Marketing Strategy Paper Goldilocks EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Company Goldilocks traces its roots to the collaboration and complementary talents of the women, whose collective love for good food fueled what has been transformed into the global enterprise today. It is known for its delicious pastries and cakes. The Market The market for cakes and pastries never go on the season. Cakes are always present in parties and even big event it also one of favorite dessert of Pilipino. It captures the heart of people who like sweet food and even candies or pastries. The costumer of Goldilocks is at all age, it can also a middle earner and also the higher earner because it offer price affordable and some price which much higher depend on its flavor and sizes. The Competition The competitors of goldilocks are pastries restaurant, caf? ©, red ribbon, French Baker and even the local bakeshop. The competition is high intense because their area lot of choices in the market. The Strategy Goldilocks need to create new varieties of cakes and pastries for the demand of their customer. Expand their stall for more accommodation of customer. Chapter 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Introduction Goldilocks is the leading brand in the Philippine bakeshop industry, cutting across all conomic classes with a wide variety of products, at prices within the consumers reach. Ask any Pinoy what his favorite Goldilocks products are, and hes sure to name at least one! Apart from being awarded the Superbrand Seal of Recognition, Goldilocks has been elevated to the Hall of Fame in both the Bakeshop and Franchise categories by several awara-glvlng Dooles sucn as tne consumer Union 0T tne pnlllpplnes, Parangal ng Bayan, and the Philippine Franchise Association. We will write a custom essay sample on Goldilocks Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Goldilocks Marketing Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Goldilocks Marketing Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It was also awarded by DTI Philippine Retailers Association the Outstanding Filipino Retailer for 2006 in the FoodRetail category. This attests to the genuine quality and dedication that Goldilocksputs into its products and services. For 40 thoughtful years, Goldilocks has set the standard for quality cakes, breads, pastries and popular Filipino food. Its mission is to constantly innovate new products that suit the discriminating Filipino taste. The nations favorite bakeshop currently has an outstanding 400 products in its product range. History of The Goldilocks The Goldilocks Fairytale Once upon a time in 1966, two sisters, Milagros and Clarita and their sister-in- law Doris, decided to open a small bakeshop along Pasong Tamo Street in Makati. A third sister, Maria Flor, suggested that they name the enterprise Goldilocks, after the character in a fairy tale. The intention was to make it easier for children and their mothers to remember the bakeshops name, and also because it suggested luck and prosperity. Little did the founders know that this Once Upon a Time would flourish into a real- life Happily Ever After: though hard work, dedication, and an uncompromising commitment to total customer satisfaction, Goldilocks is now the largest Filipino- owned bakeshop chain in the world. As a true global brand, it has expanded to more han 420 stores in the Philippines and overseas markets, and now employs a workforce of over 2,000 people. Likewise, the opening day total sales of P574 back in 1966 has multiplied thousands of times over. Perhaps more impressively, generations of Filipinos consider Goldilocks not only as a brand, but a time-honored family tradition. Now celebrating its 47th year, Goldilocks continues to strengthen its position as a genuine Filipino Icon. Industry definition Bakeshop -a workplace where baked goods (breads and cakes and pastries) are produced or sold bake house, bakery Pastries -A dough of flour, shortening, and ater, used as a base and covering in baked dishes such as pies. Cakes -A sweet baked food made of flour, liquid, eggs, and other ingredients, such as raising agents and flavourings. Flavours -taste, esp. the distinctive taste of something as it is experienced in the mouth. Positioning- Positioning is also defined as the way by which the marketers attempt to create a distinct impression in the customers mind. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/) COMPANY PROFILE A. Goldilocks mission and vision: A strong global brand Mission: Goldilocks symbolizes excellence in products and services that go beyond customer expectation worldwide. Customer service for Goldilocks: The customers deserve the best service, prompt and efficient service, courtesy, and customer satisfaction are just a few ways tp show gratitude to them. B. Values Customer service for Goldilocks: The customers deserve the best service, prompt and efficient service, courtesy, and customer satisfaction are Just a few ways to show gratitude to them. C. Awards: Taste success with a Goldilocks Franchise. Join the Goldilocks franchise family. With over 40 years of experience, more than 300 stores worldwide and the 2005 Hall of Fame Award for Outstanding Filipino Franchise of the Year, you are assured of sweet uccess. Brand Leadership Goldilocks is the leading brand in the Philippine bakeshop industry, cutting across all economic classes with a wide variety of products, at prices within the consumers reach. Ask any Pinoy what his favourite Goldilocks products are, and hes sure to name at least one! Mark of Excellence Apart from being awarded the Super brand Seal of Recognition, Goldilocks was Outstanding Filipino Retailer for 2006 in the Food Retail Category, and elevated toa Hall of Fame in 2010 in both the Bakeshop and Franchise categories by several award-giving bodies such s the Consumer Union of the Philippines, Parangal ng Bayan, and the Philippine Franchise Association. It was also awarded by DTI Philippine Retailers Association the Outstanding Filipino Retailer for 2006 in the Food Retail category and in 2010 Hall of Fame Award for Outstanding Filipino Retailer This attests to the genuine quality and dedication that Goldilocks puts into its products and dedication that Goldilocks puts into its products and services. Service and Reliability The thoughtful nature of Goldilocks is seen not only in its products but in its superior service as well. Goldilocks provides continuing support and advisory services on store operations, local store marketing plans, financial data analysis, and market development-all designed to enhance the franchisees store management skills. Excellent Operating Systems Goldilocks comprehensive training and quality systems provide the framework to support its growing network of stores. It is committed to constantly innovate and provide quality products and services. Breakthrough Concepts Products that constantly delight and excite consumers! Only Goldilocks has unique concepts such as Decorate Your Cake, Go Lite, Pinoydeli, Bitbit Packs, Happy Goldi Birthday Party, and many more. Innovate Store Designs and Layout Goldilocks continuously updates their store concept and design to address specific market needs. It provides point of sale materials such as menu boards and advertising material D. Warranty Satisfaction Guaranteed, or your money back. If we cant get the Mattress your body needs within 100 days (which 95% of our customers find we can see below), we will refund your purchase price. You only pay the shipping. The comfort experts at FloBeds can help you determine what firmness is best Tor you, Dasea on wnat you nave Deen sleeping on ano wnat you ao ana dont Ilke about your old mattress. Our exclusive Mattress Selector helps you decide which model is right for you. If you get it wrong, well still make right. We know how important the mattress you sleep on is! Our unique design, with changeable firmness layers means you will most likely have the comfort your body needs. But if you dont, our component design allows us to promptly send just the component you need to achieve the comfort you deserve. For King, Queen and Standard Mattresses you can order up to two new firmness layers for Just $75 in the first 5 years. You dont have to send anything back. Over the entire 20 year life of your bed we will send you p to 4 new latex cores to help you get the support your body needs. (If you have a Twin size mattresses you may order 1 core at $75 and one more additional core.) And since we can ship it via UPS, Year Cost of first 2 Cores (1st if Twin Size) Cost of Cores 3 and 4 (2nd if Twin size) 1-5 $75 ea $150ea 6-10 25% of Core Price ea 50% of Core Price ea 11-15 75% of Core Price ea 16-20 it is easy for you to receive your new firmness. With our vZone, designed for specific pressure point relief, we will send you any latex zone you need at no charge for the first 100 days. For the next 5 years, Just $20. Nothing to return. If you are not 100% satisfied with the firmness you select, we will help adjust your mattress for your body. So REST ASSURED. We guarantee your comfort. The bed that will always be Just Right. Heres how it works for beds purchased after November 2010: For mattresses purchased before November 2010, we still offer a 25% discount on new cores. FloBeds knows that your body will change. You may get thinner or you may gain weight. You may suffer from an injury or heal. But most of us will change and the support your body needs may change too. FloBeds want to make sure your bed is always Just Right. For reference, our current Core Prices (Soft to XFirm) are: Blended Queen. $350 Blended King. .. $400 Natural Queen. $399 Natural King.. $499 Here Is a llstlng 0T all current component prlces tnat would apply today. Electrical Adjustable Base Purchasers: Note, if you are buying an electric adjustable base, unlike a FloBeds Slat Foundation which ships via UPS, Adjustable beds ship via common carrier. In the interest of full disclosure, we want you to know the freight to return a Dual King Adjustable Bed will be in the $300-400 range. That combined with the original shipping means you are risking serious dollars. On the other hand, in the rare instance you find our mattress is not right, you may want to keep the base with can be used with any flexible mattress. Objective of the study OVERALL AIMS AND OBJECTIVES to provide a safe, secure, stimulating and caring environment in which children feel secure to explore and experiment confidently; to use assessment, recording and reporting to promote continuity of learning; to work in partnership with parents to meet every childs individual needs; to develop a curriculum which will include suitable learning opportunities and fun activities for all the children taking into ccount age and ability which allows for creativity and imagination; to have an appropriate range of policies and procedures which support lifelong learning; to encourage staff to reach their full potential through training opportunities, teamwork, regular appraisals and recognition of skills; work within a framework which ensures equality of opportunity for all children and families. Scope and Limitation This study is only limited in the brand Goldilocks for its product innovation, product positioning and market growth. CHAPTER 2 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN DEVELOPING Goldilocks STRATEGIC MARKETING The Porters Five Forces tool is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps you understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position youre considering moving into. With a clear understanding of where power lies, you can take fair advantage of a situation of strength, improve a situation of weakness, and avoid taking wrong steps. This makes it an important part of your planning toolkit. Conventionally, the tool is used to identify whether new products, services or businesses have the potential to be profitable. However it can be very illuminating when used to understand the balance of power in other situations STEEPLE ANALYSIS SOCIAL Being a sweet lover country pastries can be easily accepted in the market. Children or adult can be the target market of the products offered by Goldilocks and being a celebration-oriented, cakes and other offering of the company has a great potential to sell its products. TECHNOLOGICAL In baking, there are upgraded ovens and equipments used. The technology today enhances the efficiency in making every products that result to less-cost pricing strategy. ECONOMIC Because of the inflation rate of some of the ingredients of pastry products like flour and sugar there is a tendency of adjusting some of the factors in considering the pricing strategy of every products. It can be to increase the price or to decrease the level of amount of the ingredients in some of the products. The economic status of the country greatly affect every company and it has a great impact in the marketing mix and strategies of the company. ENVIRONMENT In environmental factors, todays farming is in average level because we import some of the ingredients of pastries. Because the country is a typhoon prone are there are ossibilities that there can be a shortage in sugar or flour that can result to shortage. However, they have a alternate solution for the supplies needed in making the products. The products offered by the company is highly dependent on agricultural products thus environmental factors should be monitored. POLITICAL The government monitors the exportation and importation of products that contributes a lot in the industry because some of the agricultural products especially the wheat, flour and sugar are from other countries. If they will not monitor it correctly it will affect the operation of the company and the whole pastry industry. LEGAL There are laws that protect the rights of the industry having ceiling prices of products and regarding increasing and decreasing of prices. The government protects the consumer by analysing first the situation before giving inflation in every products and services. ETHICAL I nere are department 0T nealtn monltors tne operatlon process, quallty control ana the cleanliness of the food offered in the food industry. Checking the ethics how the products are prepared and made to protect the health of the consumers. The company ensures that cleanliness and quality are offered in every products that they sell. fresh from the oven. THE ANSOFF MATRIX Successful businesspeople spend a lot of time thinking about how they can increase profits. Theyll typically have hundreds of ideas about things they could do, including developing new products, opening up new markets and new channels, and launching new marketing campaigns. In the same way, people within organizations often have many different ideas about how they want to progress their careers. Perhaps they want to develop new skills, move into new roles, and even work in new industries. hat a particular strategy will expose you to, the idea being that each time you move into a new quadrant (horizontally or vertically) you increase risk. http:// www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_90. htm#sthash. KwY4iomd. dpuf) The Ansoff Matrix Business Market De velopment Diversification As the company has penetrated the country by having different branches the Company will start to go outside country who has a large population of Filipinos. (e. g countries who has a many OFW,s) Targeting the every Filipino family who give importance to celebration and memories. The company will start to offer other products other than pastries and cakes. Start offering main dishes and other products of different provinces like (bagoong, tuna,sardines. Etc. The company ell offer a fast food type in some of the branches of the Company. Market Penetration Product Development Advertising that the company is giving importance to Filipino cuisine and Filipino values. To promote that the company sell the Filipinos cuisine pride that will has a delicious taste that every Filipino will love. Introduce a loyalty scheme in every products of the company. Informing the customer that the company give value to the culture of the Filipino consumer to get their interest and care. Upgrade the existing packaging of every products that shows how happy to buy the products. Offer related service, party organizing and related products. ffer equipments in baking improve the flavours of the cakes that they offered and having a twist in some of the common flavours so that the customers will not prefer to change their loyalty brand. BCG MATRIX STAR QUESTION MARK CASH COW DOG The company is in the dog column because it has a low market share but has high market g rowth rate Introduction simple bread Growth cakes with icing Maturity cakes with flavors Decline bread PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS According to a 2005 study by AC Nielsen, the worlds leading market research and nformation firm, Goldilocks enjoys a total product awareness of 100 percent, with seven out of 10 respondents mentioning it first. More impressively, Goldilocks has managed a full conversion of awareness-to-trial, and has done exceedingly well in retaining trial to regular purchase. It enjoys a committed customer base, and continues to attract even more. MARKET POSITIONING The market position of Goldilocks in the market of pastries and bakeries is very strong that every Filipinos recognize cakes brand as Goldilocks. The company positioned in the minds of the market as a cake for all occasions and a best gift for celebrations. They caught the position of being the cake for all Filipino who love sweet foods and which give party for everyone. They also penetrated the online shop, and online buying. They make convenience environment and offer different products in different aged levels. They make sure that their products has a quality and will bring happiness to every customer. They also positions as the Pasalubong store for your loved ones. Chapter 3 THE MARKETING PLAN Your company needs a vision, the vision demands a strategy, the strategy requires a plan, and the plan requires action. A Japanese proverb says: Vision without action is daydream. Action without vision is a nightmare. You need to prepare a detailed marketing plan. But it makes more sense to call it a battle plan. Your plan should give you confidence that you will win the war before you engage in the first battle. If you arent introducing something better, newer, faster, or cheaper, you shouldnt enter the market. SITUATION ANALYSIS A systematic collection and evaluation of past and present economical, political, social, and technological data, aimed at identification of internal and external forces that may influence the organizations performance and choice of strategies, nd assessment of the organizations current and future strengths, weaknesses, opportunities. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH They have a strong market position in the market Their products and prices are very competitive in the market. They build brand loyalty in the market. I ney offer aellclous products ana excellent service In Sometimes it is very sweet that is prone to diabetes. Not all stores has a variety of flavours. OPPORTUNITIES The products can be exported to other countries. tnelr customer. There are lots of interested people who loved sweets and can be more loyal to the company. THREATS Many people are now engaging in culinary arts that can cause for more competitors in the future. NATURE OF PRODUCTS Strategic Marketing plan and its link to Corporate Strategy MARKET ANALYSIS Consumer interest in pastries is being sustained by the increased availability of a range of pastries variants. Among the more innovative lines is Goldilocks bakeshop, which claims to give more happiness on every occasion. Initially available in malls. CURRENT CORPORATE AND MARKETING SITUATION KEY MARKET FACTORS Philippine food companies face a number of issues as they compete in the arketplace. The marketing strategy of Red Ribbon bakeshop The following factor had been considered by major industry players to be crutial elements in sustaining competitive strategic marketing performance , Goldilocks being the one of the biggest player thereby adhere to these factor as follows; Advertising appeal Product Quality Price Competitiveness Management Financial Position Customer Loyalty/ Perception (top of mind) Manufacturing Location COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS Red Ribbon Bakeshop Red Ribbon Bakeshop is another popular name in the bakeshop industry of the Philippines. Considered as the direct competitor of Goldilocks, Red Ribbon Bakeshop is known to provide the same type of cakes and pastries available in Goldilocks. Currently, under the management of Jollibee Foods Corporation, Red Ribbon Bakeshop quickly became one of the most accepted and recognized bakeshop across the Philippines. Bizu Patisserie Bizu Philippines Patisserie is considered as one of the new additions to the few popular bakeshops and cafes in the Philippines. Althoug h the name of the bakeshop is more like a French bakeshop, Bizu Patisserie is a proudly Filipino-owned bakeshop in the Philippines.

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (1244 words) - Free Essays

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (1244 words) - Free Essays Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Chapter 2, The Brain and Behavior Vocabulary, Key Terms Adrenal glands: Glands at the top of each kidney that are responsible for regulating moods, energy level, and the ability to cope with stress. Afferent nerves: Also called sensory nerves; nerves that carry information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors. Agonist: A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects. Amygdala: An almond-shaped structure within the base of the temporal lobe that is involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's survival, such as appropriate food, mates, and social rivals. Antagonist: A drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects. Association cortex: Sometimes called association areas, the region of the cerebral cortex that is the site of the highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving. Autonomic nervous system: The body system that takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Axon: The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells. Basal ganglia: Large neuron clusters located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements. Brain stem: The stemlike brain area that includes much of the hindbrain (excluding the cerebellum) and midbrain; connects with the spinal cord at its lower end and then extends upward to encase the reticular formation in the midbrain. Cell body: The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance. Central nervous system (CNS): The brain and spinal cord. Cerebral cortex: Part of the forebrain, the outer layer of the brain, responsible for the most complex mental functions such as thinking and planning. Chromosomes: In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA. Corpus callosum: The large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres, responsible for relaying information between the two sides. Dendrites: Treelike fibers projecting from a neuron which receives information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): A complex molecule in the cell's chromosomes that carries genetic information. Dominant-recessive genes principle: The principle that if one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene overrides the recessive gene. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are recessive. Efferent nerves: Also called motor nerves; nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body. Endocrine system: The body system consisting of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream. Frontal lobes: The portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles. Gene x environment (g x e) interaction: The interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment. Genes: The unit of hereditary information, consisting of short segments of chromosomes composed of DNA. Genotype: An individual's genetic heritage; his or her actual genetic material. Glands: Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions. Hindbrain: Located in the skull's rear, the lowest portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons. Hippocampus: The structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories. Hormones: Chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body. Hypothalamus: A small forebrain structure, located just below the thalamus that monitors three pleasurable activitieseating, drinking, and sexas well as emotion, stress, and reward. Limbic system: A set of subcortical brain structures central to emotion, memory, and reward processing. Motor cortex: A region in the cerebral cortex, located just behind the frontal lobes, that processes information about voluntary movement. Myelin sheath: A layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons. Neocortex: The outermost part of the cerebral cortex, making up 80 percent of

Hegemony And International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hegemony And International Relations - Essay Example Normally, countries will ‘inherit’ this dominating characteristics or factors from its history. However, certain countries will go in search of certain factors. That is, dominating factors like status, reputation, economy, etc. will be normally sought by all countries, but these are the key factors that would make countries dominate in the negative sense, and thereby have hegemony. This concept of hegemony was studied and interpreted by many thinkers all over the world, particularly in relation to international relations. So, this paper will discuss Antonio Gramsci’s notion of hegemony and how it is useful for the study of International relations. Antonio Gramsci’s experiences in Russia made him realize that Marxist theory of power was based on force and coercion to control and govern people. So, he took an opposite stance and hypothesized that most of the time, political power in liberal democracies is exercised not through government use of force, but through a dominant world-view, or ideology. However, he continues and takes a common stance by stating that a country needs both these controls for it to survive and stand up, with Hegemony being the subtle end result. â€Å"Domination, which referred to direct physical coercion by police and armed forces and hegemony which referred to both ideological control and more crucially, consent† (Burke 1999). In the narrow sense, it applies mainly to a nations political domination over another nation or group. It is a set of strategies implemented through various means like violence, media power, economic power, etc, etc†¦ by the dominant groups in order to secure the consent of the subordinate groups directly or indirectly, legally or illegally.

Stress management - guided imagery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress management - guided imagery - Assignment Example One very effective way is hardiness. This means becoming stronger both physically and emotionally. Techniques of improving hardiness include doing more physical exercises reducing usage of drugs such as alcohol and nicotine, creating a support system by developing close relations with other people, doing activities that you enjoy among many more. Another effective method is development of a positive attitude towards situation. Healthy eating habits alongside with good nutrition increases not only the physical stamina but also the emotional and perhaps mental stamina (Hoffman et al., 46). Relaxing of both the mind and the body improves even the concentration and can be achieved by gaining enough sleep. Proper time management is another stress management skill that helps one to accomplish things that may otherwise cause stress. Proper cash managent is another strategy that reduces stress for college students. Exploring spirituality is also another common effective way of managing stres s since one finds personal meaning to his life. As a student, I adopted a stress management behavior that has worked out perfectly well. It is a strategy that has an acronym â€Å"HOLDUP†. This stands for Hardiness, Outlook, and Listening to my Body, Decreasing stress as much as I can, unburdening myself and Problem solving. I decided to change my outlook of challenges and took them positively. I developed a sense of humor in my problems and found out that they were not as bad as they seemed. More so, I learnt that making mistakes was inevitable as long as it was accompanied by a lesson in it. There was an added solution to taking responsibility over my own feelings, and this made me control all my stressors. By understanding my outlook, I was able to know my strengths that brought me a lot of confidence and my weaknesses too which were the major channels stress came through. Listening to my body always worked out very well for me. I was

Creative Brief Essay Example for Free

Creative Brief Essay Is to increase the consumption of milk among the teenage group so that they would drink less sugary and carbonated drinks that would harm their health . The Product Milk is by far the healthiest beverage after water . Milk helps to strengthen the bones and the teeth . Milk drinking drops off sharply in the teenage years because it is considered to be uncool and most of teenagers are worried about the calories and fat . Part of it has to do with the lack of flavours and the packaging being dull . This is what we found out about the product we decided to help , which is HL Milk by Marigold . Target Audience Our target audience would be males and females aged from 16 to 25 years old .Milk is a beverage that every parent would tell their kids to drink as children , though most of them still drink milk for breakfast but they still choose to drink other drinks like coke , pepsi or ribena .Milk has become less relevant to their lifestyles . They think milk doesn’t go well with foods like Mcd , Pizza and KFC . Why they choose soft drinks is because the soft drinks are exciting , versatile and its an acceptable alternative to milk . Promise and support Promise Todays milk can help the teenagers become strong and dynamic . Looking at the hectic schedule teenagers have these days ,it is recommended to drink milk to help them feel fresh and energized the whole day . Support. Milk has the nutrition the body needs to look and feel dynamic. Today most teenage athletes and famous teen celebrities drink milk . Ice –cold milk taste great especially with HL Milk`s 3 new taste which are peach , coffee and mango . It has a more refreshing taste to it . Not to heavy nor to creamy . Its light and smooth . Brand personality. The personality now of HL Milk is dull and there isn’t any attractive colours that would attract a consumer to get it . Some consumers especially teenagers look at the packaging before purchasing products . If its attractive and youthful they would purchase it .The old packaging is very practical and conservative as it only has 2 colours with no pictures on the box . The needed personality for teenagers to buy the HL Milk would be exhuberant , contemparory and youthful . The packaging would suit the lifestyle of the teenagers . The would be shy to drink milk in public .

Consumer impulsive buying behavior

Consumer impulsive buying behavior Abstract In this study, we investigate the relationship between sales promotion and consumer impulsive buying behavior in Retail Industry of Pakistan. More specifically, we investigate whether there is a positive relationship between sales promotion and consumer impulsive buying behavior or not? For this purpose we have conducted 80 Questionnaire from Metro, Macro and Hyper Star Located in Lahore, Pakistan for our research project. We have measured sales promotion by three dimensions that are (1) length of offer period, (2) incentives and (3) return policy while customer impulsive buying behavior by three dimensions that are (1) income level, (2) worth of product and (3) tendency to spend. We have used Questionnaire as a tool for the collection of data in order to prove our hypothesis. Afterwards we have applied the regression and correlation technique, which have given us the result that there is a positive relation between Sales Promotion and Impulsive Buying Behavior. In the end we discuss ed that our research goes in support of our literature review that we have conducted before starting our project. Keywords: Sales Promotion, Consumer Impulsive Buying Behavior INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW In this era of globalization, competition has become more intense than ever. Every marketing campaign tries to win the support of the consumers that the product of the organization is entailed to suffice them and is the best to meet their expectations. If the purpose is successfully attained the consumers acknowledge the product of the organization and colligates specific benefits to the product (Murphy Enis, 1985). Consumer routinely faces the decision problem of what product to purchase, from where to purchase and in what quantity to purchase. Moreover, the decision is complicated by consumer characteristics ( e.g., income, age, gender, purchase frequency etc) and by temporary price reductions for various products and by the fact that the size of the price reductions varies across deals. These price reduction (sales promotion) techniques can affect the decisions of different consumers differently. For example, price reduction might cause brands switching to one segment without any effect on purchase timing and quantity, while heartening another segment of brand-loyal consumers to buy quick and more of the product. Common sense and formal economic analysis suggests that a consumers decision on product and purchase quantity may depend on the size of the price reduction and the time until the next price reduction (Blatberget, 1978). Interest in the study of sales promotion is increasing due to the acceleration of promotional expenditures. Three-fourth of the marketing budget in most of the consumer product companies is for sales promotions. Sales promotions are a potential tool because it works on behavioral level and most of the sales promotion techniques directly impact the decision making process and thus purchase decision. Sales promotion is capable of shift in behavior because it transforms the price-value relationship that a product or service offers a buyer (Schultz, Petrison Robinson). pp 1- 6 Manufacturers are spending more money on sales promotion as compared to advertisement due to the quick and direct impact of sales promotions on sales volume (Blattberg, Briesch and Fox 1995). There are several reasons why advertising has become less effective. The growing diversity of the population of consumers makes it more difficult to reach a mass audience with a single message. Moreover, the cost of advertising media has grown faster than the rate of inflation, but its effectiveness has fallen as television channels, magazines, radio stations, and websites proliferate, and as consumers take control of their exposure to ads with remote control devices. It has become increasingly expensive and difficult to build brand awareness and brand loyalty. According to Kahn and McAllister (1997), it has almost become impossible to build brand awareness and brand loyalty by advertising. Furthermore, a result of the overwhelming product proliferation is that the distinctions between brands have become blurred. These (and other) developments have driven manufacturers and retailers marketing mix expenditures towards sales promotions. (e.g., Lal and Rao 1997, Bell and Lattin 1998) In vestigating the exact results from sales promotion expenditures on individual consumers buying behavior is the mainspring of our study. 1.2 Sales Promotions Sales promotions are action-focused marketing events whose purpose is to have a direct impact on the behavior of the firms customers. There are three major types of sales promotions: consumer promotions, retailer promotions, and trade promotions. Consumer promotions are promotions offered by manufacturers directly to consumers. Retailer promotions are promotions offered by retailers to consumers. Trade promotions are promotions offered by manufacturers to retailers or other trade entities (Blattberg and Neslin 1990). This thesis is focused on promotions offered to the consumer, therefore a combination of consumer and retailer promotions. Throughout the world, sales promotions offered to consumers are an integral part of the marketing mix for many consumer products. Marketing managers use price-oriented promotions, such as coupons, rebates, and price discounts to increase sales and market share, entice consumers to trial, and encourage them to switch brands or stores. Non-price promot ions such as sweepstakes, 7frequent user clubs, and premiums add excitement and value to brands and may increase. brand attractiveness. In addition, consumers like promotions. They provide utilitarian benefits such as monetary savings, increased quality (higher quality products become attainable), and convenience, as well as hedonistic benefits such as entertainment, exploration, and self-expression (Huff and Alden 1998, Chandon et al. 2000). Blattberg and Neslin (1990) stated that the influence of sales promotions could be exerted in many ways. The consumer can be influenced to change purchase timing or purchase quantity, switch brands, increase consumption of the product category, switch stores, or search for promotions. However, not all consumers are influenced in the same way. For example, some consumers might be influenced to switch brands but not change their purchase timing, while others might be influenced to change timing but not brands. Still others might be influenced in both ways. Blattberg and Neslin (1990) concluded that promotion response is therefore a multidimensional concept. Identification of the degree to which a certain consumer is influenced by a promotion? Figuring out, whether there are some consumers who respond to every sales promotion? Are there differences between households in the way they react to promotions, does one household show consistent brand switch behavior, whereas a second household shows consistent purchase acceleration behavior? These are questions we want to answer with this study. Retailers also want to know how planned decisions such as the product range is to be offered in their stores and how these planned decisions such as price promotions and special displays affect the likelihood of consumers adding impulse behavior to their sales. Research Questions With respect to the effects of sales promotions we have formulated one central research question. Under which conditions and in what way do sales promotions influence household purchase behavior? We have investigated the impact of sales promotions on purchase behavior at the individual household level. We agree with Blattberg and Neslin (1990) in the sense that promotion response can be exerted in many ways. There are so many factors that can influence a consumer promotion purchase behavior. 1.4 Scientific Contribution A considerable amount of research has been undertaken in an attempt to identify and understand consumer promotion response. Different operationalizations and measures of promotion response have been developed and applied. This abundance hampers comparison and makes the prospect of building a cumulative tradition for promotion response elusive. Furthermore, a large part of the empirical work is not grounded on consumer behavior theory. We provide an integrated framework that describes the effects of sales promotion on household purchase behavior applying insights from consumer behavior theories. Furthermore, measures are developed for household sales promotion response. We investigate whether the observed magnitudes of the promotion response variables can be explained by observable household characteristics (such as social class, available time, size and composition), product category characteristics (such as average price level, number of brands), and promotion environment variables (which promotion types were present). Furthermore, we will present an intertemporal decomposition of household promotion response to find out to what degree the different sales promotion reaction mechanisms are exhibited in household purchase behavior within and across categories. The intertemporal aspect means that besides effects during the promotion itself, also pre-and post-promotional effects are taken into account. The microscopic level of research offers the opportunity to study (in)consistencies in household purchase behavior within and across different product categories to make a statement about the concept of deal proneness. 1.5 Managerial Relevance The results and insights obtained concerning the promotion response will be used to infer conclusions about the effects of sales promotions. Do specific sales promotion types mainly lead to stockpiling behavior, therefore not really rewarding, or do some consumers really consume more (category expansion). What household characteristics and product category characteristics are important in explaining the effects of sales promotions? Are some categories more attractive to promote than others? The results on category expansion effects form an important indicator of retailer and manufacturer profitability. They could be used as a starting point for deriving estimates of these profitabilities, though that is outside the scope of this dissertation. Currently, everyday low pricing (EDLP) is appearing in managerial circles. The change from a promotion-intensive environment (the so-called high-low pricing) to an environment characterized by lower average prices and fewer promotions has interesting short- and long-run implications for brand choice, store choice, purchase acceleration, category expansion, and repeat purchasing. It is therefore interesting to know the percentage of households whose purchase behavior is influenced by promotions. Promotion shoppers could abandon EDLP stores and EDLP brands. Furthermore, incorporating demographic variables in household purchase behavior models is conceptually appealing and has numerous managerial benefits. Retailers and brand managers can assess demographic variations in demand and marketing mix response in order to implement micromarketing strategies (Neslin et al. 1994, Kalyanam and Putler 1997). For example, a retailer planning to locate a new outlet can get some sense of the differences in demand patters and price and promotion sensitivities in the new trading area in order to make initial stocking, inventory, pricing, and promotion decisions. SIGNIFICANCE RATIONALE Researches and techniques are continuously being added in the field of sales promotion (Lancaster Massingham). Many of the sales promotion researches described the impact of demographics on deal-prone consumers and explained the impact of their income, gender and ownership on their purchase patern (Bawa and Shoemaker 1987; Blattberg et al. 1978) and other researches explored personal traits such as coupon-proneness, value-consciousness or market mavenism (Feickand Price 1987; Inman, McAlister and Hoyer 1990; Lichtenstein, Netemeyer and Burton 1990, 1995; Mittal 1994). Influences of personal (self-image) and social characteristics on impulsive buying behavior has been explored (Dittmar, Beatie and Friese 1996) We acknowledge that consumer characteristics also influence impulse purchase decisions but our research is directed at factors over which retailers have control. Based on previous impulse research, we obtained measures of consumer characteristics that have been shown to influence impulsive buying behavior and included these variables in our research so potential space of relationship between the sales promotions and consumer impulse buying behavior exist. Keeping this gap in mind, our research contributes to defining the relationship between these two concepts. OBJECTIVES Our study has three general objectives. The first is to develop a conceptual model to describe the relationship between sales promotion and consumer impulse buying behavior. It also indicates how retailers can influence promotional activity and use information on consumer purchasing decision. The second objective is to conduct an empirical analysis of the model. These findings are expected to improve our understanding of how consumers react to price promotions. The third objective is to test hypothesis. These findings could be used to segment the market, for mailing coupons, for designing specific promotions. LITERATURE REVIEW A lot of research work have been done in the area of consumer behavior in which, its relationship is associated with the different aspects of marketing for example advertisement, quality of the product or services, pricing acceptability of the product, bundling and promotional frames were influencing the perceived value of the product, variety seeking and reinforcement behavior that resulted in purchase intention (Munger Dhruv, 2003; Joseph, 1999; Barbara Jagmohan, 1991; Joseph, Carl Terence, 1999; Aridhan, Imarn Robert, 1991; Donald, Nancy Richard, 1993; Charles Michael, 1982; Manohar Chi, 1992; Carl, kamel Douglas, 1998 ). Many a researches examining impulsive buying have used the terms Impulsive buying and Unplanned buying interchangeably (Kollat Wallet, 1969; Stern, 1962). Consumer statement that they had purchased those items, which they had, no intention of purchasing, prior to entering the store were generally conceptualized as impulsive buying. This definition of impulsive buying was one of the reasons for the researchers to investigate the issues related to shelving displays that facilitate purchasing. Impulsive buying behavior is a sudden compelling hedonically complex purchasing behavior in which the rapidity of the impulse purchase decision process predicts thoughtful deliberate consideration of information and choice alternative (Kacen Xu, 2001). Furthermore Charles and Michael (1982) examined marketing and financial implications of offering a discount to retail customers to encourage cash payment rather than credit card payment to increase buying behavior. Also in research study published by American Marketing Association of Aradhna, Imran and Robert (1991) explained the relationship of promotional activity with consumer perception comprehensively. The use of different sales promotion techniques varies substantially from one country to another. Promotions provoke two reactions in people .The first is an increase in consumption, i.e. more quantity of a product is acquired. The second is storage of the product for the future, i.e. the consumer acts anticipating his purchases. On the other hand, it is possible that consumers who do not buy the brand will want to acquire it because they are attracted by the sales promotion (Gupta, 1993). However, Brandweek (1994) found that some people who change brand due to a promotion change back to their favorite brand when buying that category of product later. It is necessary to highlight that the use of sales promotions to encourage brand and product purchase and consumption has to be sufficient. However it is necessary to stay alert, as the opposite effect could be provoked on certain occasions. This occurs when the consumer perceives that he is paying for unnecessary activities to enhance and position the product: this then provokes the opposite effect to the desired effect, i.e. the consumer will stop buying the promoted brand (Simonson, 1989). It is also possible that the consumer avoids buying the promoted brands so as not to have to justify his behavior to his peer group. There is also another reason why promotion may not obtain the expected results: the consumer may feel he is being manipulated and will punish the retailer by not purchasing the promoted brand or product (Simonson, 1989). Customer perceived value is thus the difference between the prospective customers evaluation of all benefits and all the costs of an offering and perceived alternatives. Total customers value is the perceived monetary value of the bundle of economic, functional and psychological benefits customers expect from a given market offering. (Marketing management 12 e, page no 141, Philip Kotler and Kelvine Lane Keller, 2005) Marketing analysts have shown that consumers can be characterized based on their brand purchasing patterns within a product class (Morrison, 1966). For example, some consumers purchase behavior can be characterized as reinforcing, i.e., a tendency to repurchase the last brand bought (Morrison, 1966; Jeuland, 1979), while other consumers purchase behavior can be characterized as variety-seeking, i.e., a tendency to shift away from the last brand purchased (Givon, 1984; Kalwani, 1992; Morrison, 1966). Several models of consumer response to promotions suggest that a current decision on brand and purchase quantity depends on the expected time until the next price reduction and the expected size of future reduction. Blattberg, Peacock, Robert and Sen (1978) define a purchase strategy as a general buying pattern which incorporates several dimensions of buying behavior such as brand loyalty, private brand proneness and deal proneness. Researchers studying the brand choice decision for example, Gupta (1988), Schneider and imran (1990) have found promotions to be associated with brand switching. It was found that all the individuals have built-in impulsive spending mechanisms: (1) Desire to buy, and (2) Ability to control urge of buying. When the former overtakes later then it results in impulsive spending (Hoch Lowenstein, 1991; Mischel Ayduk, 2004; Mischel Ebessen, 1970). Research findings suggest that emotions and feelings play a decisive role in purchasing, triggered by seeing the product or upon exposure to a well crafted promotional message. Such purchases ranges from small (chocolate, clothing, magazines) to substantially large (jewelry, vehicle, work of art) and usually (about 80 percent of the time) lead to problems such as financial difficulties, family disapproval, or feeling of guilt or disappointment. Moods also influence the impulsive buying behavior. Researchers found that that the respondents were of the opinion that the most frequently mentioned mood state for stimulating impulse purchase was pleasure followed by mood states care free and excited. Consumer believes that, impulsive buying helps in extending these feelings. Most of researchers findings are that positive moods facilitate impulsive buying, but a few researchers also found that negative moods also facilitate impulsive buying (Gardner Rook, 1987) Negative moods adversely aff ect self control, therefore, the individual fell prey to impulsive buying (Herman Polivy, 2004). Consumer in negative mood turns to purchasing with the hope that this would alleviate their unpleasant mood (Mick Demoss, 1990). Rook (1987) defined impulse buying as when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately. We extend this definition slightly. Impulse buying is sudden and immediate purchase with no pre-shopping intentions either to buy the specific product category or to fulfill a specific buying task. The behavior occurs after experiencing an urge to buy and it tends to be spontaneous and without a lot of reflection (i.e., it is impulsive). It does not include the purchase of a simple reminder item, which is an item that is simply out-of-stock at home. Dramatic increases in personal disposable incomes and credit availability have made impulse buying in retail environments a prevalent consumer behavior (Dittmar, Beattie Friese 1996; Ferrell 1998). Impulse buying behavior is sudden and compelling (Bayley Nancarrow, 1998). Several researchers have reported that consumers do not view impulse purchasing as wrong; rather, consumers retrospectively convey a favorable evaluation of their behavior (Dittmar, Beattie Friese, 1996; Hausman, 2000; Rook, 1987). Other researchers have treated impulse buying as an individual difference variable with the expectation that it is likely to influence decision making across situations (Beatty Ferrell, 1998). Our research project is going to be investigating the impact of sales promotion on consumer impulse buying behavior because we have not found work done on this topic. Theoretical Frame work The two major concepts examined in this research are sales promotions and consumer impulsive buying behavior. The brief introduction to these concepts is as below: Consumer Buying Behavior. Buying behavior of people who purchase products for personal or household use and not for business purposes. Impulse buying An unplanned buying behavior resulting from a powerful urge to buy something immediately. 179 Routinized Response Behavior. A type of consumer problem solving process used when buying frequently purchased, low cost ietems that require very little search and decision effort. 178 Limited Problem Solving. A type of consumer problem solving process that buyers use when purchasing products occasionally or when they need information aboutan unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category.178 Extended Problem Solving. Type of consumer problem solving process employed when purchasing unfamiliar, expensive or infrequently bought products.178 Foundations of Marketing (2nd ed) 2007 Page 177 By William M. Pride, O. C. Ferrell Chapter 8: Consumer Buying Behavior, Publisher:Cengage Learning HYPOTHESIS H1: There is positive relationship between Sales promotions and consumer impulse buying behavior. H2: Female consumers are attracted more by sales promotions as compared to male consumers H3: Responsiveness to sales promotions is more in young consumers as compared to old consumers H4: Low income consumers are attracted more by sales promotions as compared to high income consumers Dependent Variable In our analysis, consumer impulse buying behavior is our dependent variable. Independent Variable Independent variable is Sales promotion. Relationship between Dependent and Independent Variable Consumer Impulse Buying Behavior Sales Promotion Independent Variable Dependent Variable Operational Definitions Sales Promotion- Short term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service (Kotler, Armstrong 1999). Dimensions of Sales Promotions Incentives- These are benefits given by retailer such as coupons, cash rebates, advertisement specialty; price packs (e.g. 50% off) to consumers. Offer Period- It is the lengths of time for which the consumer can avail the incentives given by retailers e.g. 3 month spring season offer, Eid offer, Ramzan offer etc. Return Policies- It is the money back guarantee or replacement of the products given by the retailer to increase the confidence of the consumer. Consumer Impulse Buying Behavior Impulse buying as when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately. (Rook, Dennis and Stephen, 1985) Dimensions of Consumer Impulse Buying Behavior Income Level It plays an important role while determining the consumer impulse buying behavior as it helps the consumer to decide about the purchase of the product. Worth of the Product- It is the value of the product for consumer e.g. consumer impulse buying behavior is affected by the price packs given of those products which have worth for consumers. Tendency to Spend- It is the potency and likelihood in one self that he or she spends money irrationally. Research Design A research design according to Zikmund (1997), a master plan by which we specify the techniques and operations for collection and examination of the required information (p. 199). Choice of research The choice of research will be Causal Research which describes data and characteristics about the population or event being studied. It allows us to have greater understanding (Zikmund, 1997). Descriptive research tends to be very structured and strict for the collection of data (Stevens, Wrenn, Ruddick, Sherwood, 2000). The purpose of using this research is that it will help understanding the attitudes and behavior of customers, who are likely to respond towards the organizations undertaking a societal marketing campaign and hence, the degree to which societal marketing and corporate image are connected will be determined (Kinnear Taylor, 1996). Hence, this design is most suitable to examine the impact of societal marketing on customer behavior towards corporate image. Sampling Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population, so that a study of the sample and understanding of its properties would make it possible for us to generalize such properties to the population element. Population. The population relevant to a study is described as a complete group of entities that share some common set of characteristics (Zikmund, 1997, p. 414). Target population is considered for this study was adult consumers with age 20-45+ years whose income range Rs.15000-55000+ available in the retail markets of Pakistan. The departmental stores and superstores offers a good place to find this kind of population. Sampling frame. The sampling frame in this study will be the customers visiting Makro, Metro and Hyperstar located in Lahore. Each customer in the store is a single member of the population and is defined as a sample unit (Zikmund, 1997). Sampling method. To understand how sales promotion affects the consumer impulse buying behavior a self administered survey was conducted at major super stores METRO, Makro and Hyperstar at Lahore. A probability sampling method has been used for analysis as all the customers Sample size. Data from 80 respondents was collected due to budget and times constraints. Instruments Sales promotion- A five-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree/Strongly Disagree) was adopted in the questionnaire. It contained 12 statements. Consumer impulse buying behavior- A five-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree/Strongly Disagree) was adopted in the questionnaire. It contained 13 statements. Statement 9 is more psychological in nature and statement i4 is a repeated statement, so it was dropped while analyzing data. REsults and Analysis 5.1 Reliability Analysis All questionnaires were valid for analysis as missing values were converted 3 (neither agree nor disagree). For a reliability check, the Cronbachs Alpha of each scale above 0.60 found, as shown in the following table. 6 Discussion From table 1 it can be interpret that measurement scale of sales promotion is 66.5% reliable and consumer impulse buying behavior is 69.5% reliable. Form table 2 it can be interpreted that the hypothesis is true and the two variables are positively correlated and level of significance is .005 for to tailed and confidence interval is 99%. Table 4 represents that while calculating regression Enter Method is used . From table 5 it is interpreted that Value of adjusted R2 (.099) shows the effect independent variable on dependent variable, remaining effect will be caused by other variables which are not the part of this study. Table 5 represents ANOVA summary also from this analysis significance is found .005.from table 6 the coefficient of independent variable sales promotion ÃŽÂ ²=0.334 have appositive effect on dependent variable consumer impulse buying behavior. Fig1 shows the regression line and variation can be seen through scattered points which are almost near the line.Fig2 show the pattern of data represented by histogram and the curve shows normal distribution pattern. 7 Conclusions Our study focused on understanding the relationship sales promotion to consumer impulse buying behavior. Charles and Michael (1982) proved in their research that cash discount can increase the customer buying behavior. Similarly Givon(1984) and kalwani (1992) proved their research of increasing sales through variety seeking behaviors , Morrison (1966) developed the relationship of buying behavior with consumer status ,and Blattberg (1978) same devlope relationship with buying behavior but with brand loyality ,Schneider and imran (1990) have found promotions to be associated with brand switching. So we got area to find significance relationship between sales promotion and consumer impulse bung behavior The answer to our research study concerning the relative strength of the retail environment in impulse purchases is deep this is not to say that if a retailer puts items on special display they will not generate impulsive purchases, they will. Our study makes a useful contribution to retailers understanding of impulsive buying behavior among consumers. 8 Limitations First, the data comes from a small panel and from a very small area whereas researchers gather data in forms of thousands. Second, while we have included the major gap that exists between variables to influence impulse buying behavior, there is the possibility that other unmeasured factors (e.g. time of day) also influence purchase decisions. Third Shortage of time was another limitation in this study. Due to which data collected was limited to very small area. Last but not least the respondents were very non-serious many questioners were found on which pattern of filling questionnaires found. 9 Future Implication The results of this study can be helpful for retailers. One of the major implications of this research is that retailers can increase sales by offering the right promotional tools to encourage product sale. So decision should carefully be planned. Promotions that emphasize in-store display, cash rebates, and price packs are likely to be more effective than coupons. Another fruitful area that a retailer must keep in mind that the promotion pattern should be regular or long lasting so that consumer perception can be improved .Giving short term incentives for temporary periods can cause low quality perception in consumer s which can effect impulse purchase To increase impulse purchase at store a wide range of competitors products can be helpful to encourage impulse purchase since consumer compare price level and a deep discount is attractive to them. Our research project is comprised to pilot study there is a great potential